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Week 1 and ii
Reference:
Name of Text Book:
An Introduction to the History of Psychology (6th Edition) by
B.R. Hergenhahn.
Psychology’s Diversity
Presentism Historicism
Attempting to understand the Study past for its own sake
past through the present state without attempting to show the
of discipline, supposing it to be VS. relationship between the past
the highest stage of and present
development and the past
merely facilitating this stage.
At present psychology is exploring many topics, methods and
assumptions. Which of these would survive for inclusion in future
history books is impossible to say. Using the present as a frame of
reference, therefore does not necessarily assume that
Psychology’s past evolved into its present or that current
psychology represents the best psychology.
However, no matter how much historicism is emphasized,
presentism cannot be completely avoided when reporting history.
As Lovett puts it: “Without the present the very concept of
‘history’ would be meaningless”
Moving Forward….
APPROACHES TO USE
Zeitgeist Great Person Approach
Aka spirit of the time. Emphasizing the Emphasize the work of individuals
influence of non-psychological factors such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes,
such as development in other sciences, Darwin or Freud. Some say that
political climate, technological History in fact resolves itself very
advancement and economic conditions. easily into the biography of few stout
and earnest people.
Superstitions
Abstract Thought Process
Past Authorities
Church Dogma
Later,
Science came into existence as a way of answering questions about
nature by examining nature directly
From science’s inception its ultimate authority has
been empirical observation
Empirical Theoretical
Observation Explanation
REVIEW….:
✘ What is Science?
✘ What is Science Made of:
* Empirical Observation
* Theoretical Explanation
✘ Ways of Attaining Knowledge in Science?
What makes science such a powerful tool is that it
combines two ancient methods of attaining knowledge:
RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM
any view appealing knowledge comes
to reason as a only or primarily
source of from sensory
knowledge or
experience.
justification".
Apply the rule of
logic
EMPIRICISM RATIONALISTS
• The notion of tabula rasa ("clean slate" or • have claimed that the ultimate starting point
"blank tablet") connotes a view of mind as for all knowledge is not the senses but
an originally blank or empty recorder on reason.
which experience leaves marks. • They maintain that without prior categories
• This denies that humans have innate ideas. and principles supplied by reason, we
• After centuries of inquiry
Empiricists have always claimed that sense it was found thatorganize
couldn't by themselves
and interpret our sense
rationalism and empiricism
experience is the ultimate starting point for had little usefulness. It was
experience in any way.
all our knowledge. science that combined the two positions
• We would and be
knowledge
faced with just one huge,
• has been
The senses, they maintain, give us all our accumulating at
undifferentiated, whirl of sensation,
an
raw data about the world, and without this exponential signifying nothing.
raw material, there would be no knowledgerate ever since.
• Rationalism in its purest form goes so far as
at all. to hold that all our rational beliefs, and the
• Perception starts a process, and from this entirety of human knowledge, consists in
process come all our beliefs. first principles and innate concepts
(concepts that we are just born having).
The rationalist’s aspect of science prevents it from simply
collecting an endless array of disconnected empirical facts.
Because the scientist must somehow make sense out of what
he or she observes, theories are formulated.
A scientific theory has two main functions:
1) It organizes empirical observations
2) It acts as a guide for future observations. This generates
confirmable propositions.
A theory suggests propositions that are tested experimentally.
If proposition is confirmed through experiment, the theory gains
strength, if the proposition is not confirmed, it loses strength. Thus
scientific theories must be testable otherwise they are either revised or
abandoned based on erroneous propositions.
In science, then, the direct observation of nature is important, but
such observation is often guided by theory.
REVIEW….:
✘ What is Science?
✘ What is Science Made of:
* Empirical Observation
* Theoretical Explanation
✘ Ways of Attaining Knowledge in Science?
*Empiricism Vs Rationalism
✘ Scientific Laws
Another feature of science is that it seeks to discover lawful
relationships. Therefore a scientific law would mean:
SCIENTIFIC LAW
a consistently observed relationship between
two or more classes of empirical events.
For example, when X occurs, Y also tends to
occur. Science, then, uses theories to find and
explain lawful, empirical events
By stressing lawfulness, science is proclaiming an interest in
the general case rather than the particular case. Traditionally, science
is not interested in private or unique events but in general laws that
can be publicly observed and verified. That is, a scientific law is
general and, because it describes a relationship between empirical
events, it is amenable to public observation. The concept of public
observation is an important
aspect of science. All scientific claims must be
verifiable by any interested person. In science, there
is no secret knowledge available only to qualified
authorities.
Two kinds of Scientific Laws:
Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice
in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our
behavior, in other words we are self determined.
Humanistic
Empiricism- emphasize
human attributes to be
determined by experience.
Rationalist- Postulate an active mind,
where data is transformed from experience
in some important way. Information is
organized, pondered, understood or
valued. Mind adds material to the physical
environment.