UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

AND CLASSIFICATION
BIOLOGY IS AS IMPORATANT A SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINE AS MATHS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGY IS AS IMPORATANT A SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINE AS MATHS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

 Biology is the study of life.

 More specifically a branch of knowledge that deals
with living organisms and vital processes.
 Advances in medicine, agriculture, bio-technology and
many other areas of biology have brought
improvement in the quality of life.
 Biology is the natural science that studies life and
living organisms including their physical
structure ,chemical processes, molecular interaction,
physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.
Integrating Biology and Chemistry:

 Chemistry consists of a science that deals with composition,

structure, and properties of substances and with the
transformations that they under go.
 Relationship between chemistry and biology offers many
possible connections and science experiments.
 All life depends on chemical processes. The chemical process of
photosynthesis, which uses sun’s energy to convert water and
carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, forms the base of most food
chains.
 Like photosynthesis, chemosynthesis stores energy through
chemical process.
 Bioluminescence means living light. Chemical
processes in a variety of organisms, ranging from
plants to fungi to animals, including dinoflagellates
, jelly fish and angler fish create this living light.
 Digestion and cellular respiration with in the living
organisms.
 ANGLER FISH
JELLY FISH
 Integrating Biology and Physics:
 Physics means a science that deals with matter and
energy and their interactions.
 Physics of living organisms also offers opportunities
for science experiments.
 Physics includes the studies of mechanics, heat, light,
electricity and sound.
 Studies of the energy used by living organisms
whether from photosynthesis or cellular respiration
blur the line between biology and physics.
 Studies of bioluminescence examine both the energy and
the light generated by organisms, combining physics and
biology.
 The electricity of the nervous system, the mechanisms
that trigger hibernation or aestivation, sensitivity of the
retina and ear drum apply principles of physics to the
mechanism of organisms.
 For understanding the mechanics and structural
requirements of various body joints has provided the
information needed to design replacement of knee, hip
and shoulder joint.
 Integration Biology and Mathematics :
 Biologists use mathematics in a variety of ways, from designing
experiments to mapping complex biological systems.
 Mathematics allows biologists to describe how molecules move
in and out of cells, how bacteria shuttle through blood vessels,
how drugs get broken down in the body and many other
physiological processes.
 In many ways , Mathematics is closely related to science.
Mathematics is such a useful tool that science could make few
advances.
 However mathematics and standard sciences like biology,
physics and chemistry are distinct in at least one way.
BIOLOGY IS AS IMPORATANT A SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINE AS MATHS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

Fundamental differences between science and

engineering:
 Science is the body of knowledge that explores the

physical and natural worlds.

 Engineering is the application of knowledge in order

to design, build and maintain a product or a process

that solves a problem and fulfills a need
(Technology).
 Scientists use the scientific method. Engineers use

the engineering design process.

 The scientists starts with asking a question. Then
they do background research, formulate a
hypothesis, test that hypothesis by conducting an
experiment, analyze the data and communicate
their results.
 Engineers start by defining the problem, then they
identify the criteria and constraints, brain storm
ideas, plan, create a technology and improve upon
their design.
COMPARISION BETWEEN EYE AND
CAMERA
 The human eye is a wonderful instrument relying on refraction and
lenses to form images.
 There are many similarities between the human eye and a camera,
including
 A diaphragm to control the amount of light that gets through to the
lens. This is a shutter in a camera and the pupil at the center of the iris
in the human eye.
 A lens to focus the light and create an image is real and inverted. A
method of sensing the image.
 In a camera , film is used to record the image; in the eye the image is
focused on the retina and system of rods and cones is the front end of
an image processing system that converts the image to electrical
impulses and sends the information along the optic nerve to the brain.
COMPARISION BETWEEN EYE AND
CAMERA

 The way the eye focuses light is interesting, because most of

the refraction that takes place is not done by the lens itself,
but the aqueous humor- a liquid on top of the lens.
 Light is refracted when it comes into the eye by this liquid,
refracted a little more by the lens and then a bit more by the
vitreous humor, the jelly-like substance that fills the space
between lens and retina.
 The lens is critical in forming a sharp image, however this is
one of the most amazing features of the human eye, that it can
adjust so quickly when focusing objects at different distances.
This process of adjustment is known as accomodation.
COMPARISION BETWEEN EYE AND
CAMERA
COMPARISION BETWEEN EYE AND
CAMERA

 With a camera the lens has a fixed focal length. If

the object distance is changed the image
distance(the distance between the lens and the film)
is adjusted by moving the lens. This can’t be done
with the human eye; the image distance, the
distance between the lens and retina is fixed.
 If the object distance is changed then the focal
length of the eye is adjusted to create sharp image.
This is done by changing the shape of the lens; a
muscle known as the ciliary muscle does this job.
COMPARISION BETWEEN EYE AND
CAMERA
COMPARISION BIRD FLYING AND
AIRCRAFT

 Birds:
 Birds are naturally born.
 Birds flap their wings to lift themselves up in the air.
 Birds twist their wings to create a series of movements.
 Birds get their energy from eating seeds and bugs.
 Birds can change their wingspan by making it longer
and shorter.
 Birds wings have an intricate structure which provides
thrust and lift.
COMPARISION BIRD FLYING AND
AIRCRAFT
 Airplanes :
 Airplanes are man-made.
 Airplanes lift themselves up with a propeller that circulates in one
motion.
 Airplanes are built with engines, electrical wires and cables to
operate.
 Airplanes use lights to reach to their designated destination.
 Airplanes require fuel to operate.
 Airplanes can twist and turn but can’t change their wingspan shape.
 The airplane’s wings only provide lift, while the engines or gravity
would give thrust.
COMPARISION BIRD FLYING AND
AIRCRAFT

 The structures:
 Airpalne’s wing: The structure of the wing contains
a wing tip, the wing flaps, a spar, the fuel tanks, the
ribs, an aileron, the stringers and the skin of the
wing.
 Bird’s wing:
 The structure of the wing contains a terminal
phalanx, basal phalanx, metacarps, ulnare, radiale,
ulna, radius, numerous, paracoid, blade of scapula,
tertials, primaries and secondaries.
BIRD WING