Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Cardiovascular System
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System at a Glance
 Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

 Distribute blood to all areas of body
 Delivery of needed substances to cells
 Removal of wastes

Cardiovascular System at a Glance
 Organs of Cardiovascular System

 Heart
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins

Cardiovascular Combining Forms
 angi/o vessel
 aort/o aorta
 arteri/o artery
 ather/o fatty substance
 atri/o atrium
 cardi/o heart

 coron/o heart
 hemangi/o blood vessel
 phleb/o vein
 sphygm/o pulse
 steth/o chest
 thromb/o clot

 valv/o valve
 valvul/o valve
 vascul/o blood vessel
 vas/o vessel, duct
 ven/o vein
 ventricul/o ventricle

Cardiovascular System Suffixes
 –manometer instrument to measure

pressure
 –ole small
 –tension pressure
 –ule small

Word Building with angi/o
–gram angiogram record of a vessel

–itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel
–plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel
involuntary muscle
–spasm angiospasm
contraction in a vessel
–stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel

Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o
–ic aortic pertaining to the aorta
–al arterial pertaining to an artery

–ole arteriole small artery
–rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery

Word Building with ather/o & atri/o
surgical removal of fatty

–ectomy atherectomy
substance
fatty substance
–oma atheroma
tumor/growth
–al atrial pertaining to the atrium

pertaining to between the
inter– –al interatrial
atrium

Word Building with cardi/o
–ac cardiac pertaining to the heart
brady– –ia bradycardia state of slow heart
electr/o record of heart’s
electrocardiogram
–gram electricity
–megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart
pertaining to heart
my/o –al myocardial
muscle
–ologist cardiologist heart specialist
–rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart
tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart

Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o
–ary coronary pertaining to the heart
–itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein
pertaining to a blood
–ar vascular
vessel

Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o
–plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve
–itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve

–ar valvular pertaining to a valve

Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o
–ous venous pertaining to veins
–ule venule small vein

–gram venogram record of a vein
–ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles

pertaining to between
inter– –ar interventricular
ventricles

Cardiovascular Vocabulary
listening to sounds within body using a

auscultation
stethoscope
branch of medicine for diagnosis and
cardiology treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids
catheter into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood

infarct
supply
local and temporary deficiency of blood
ischemia
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
murmur
sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly

palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;
plaque
hallmark of atherosclerosis
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to
regurgitation
backflow of blood through a valve

blood pressure cuff; measures

sphygmomanometer
blood pressure
stainless steel tube placed within
stent
blood vessel to widen the lumen
instrument for listening to body
stethoscope
sounds

Figure 5.13 – Using a sphygmomanometer
to measure blood pressure.
Figure 5.14 – A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to
an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is
removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.

Heart Pathology
severe pain and sensation of constriction

angina
around heart; caused by myocardial
pectoris
ischemia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and
arrhythmia
others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling
bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block

Heart Pathology
cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity

myocardial disease; may be caused by
viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital hole, present at birth, in heart septum;
septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and
(CSD) deoxygenated blood

Heart Pathology
congestive left ventricle muscle is too weak to

heart failure efficiently pump blood; results in
(CHF) weakness, breathlessness, & edema
coronary poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
artery disease obstruction of coronary arteries; may
(CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack
inflammation of lining membranes of
endocarditis heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation

Figure 5.15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a
coronary artery.

Heart Pathology
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized

fibrillation by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
flutter
but in a regular pattern
heart valve cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
prolapse allowing regurgitation
heart valve cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
stenosis allowing regurgitation

Heart Pathology
myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a

infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
tetralogy of
interventricular septal defect, improper
Fallot
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery

Figure 5.16 – External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused
by a myocardial infarction.

Blood Vessel Pathology
weakness and ballooning of arterial

aneurysm wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial
arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;
atherosclerosis
lipid plaques form in arterial wall

Figure 5.17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta
which has ruptured.

Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that
progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a
thrombus fully occludes the lumen.

coarctation of
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
aorta (CoA)
obstruction of blood vessel by blood
embolus clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region

Figure 5.19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The
embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it
is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.

high blood pressure; essential or

hypertension primary hypertension is due to CV
(HTN) disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
hypotension
to shock or anemia
patent ductus congenital heart anomaly where fetal
arteriosus connection between pulmonary artery
(PDA) and aorta fails to close at birth

peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood

vascular vessel outside the heart; symptoms may
disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation
polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries
periodic ischemic attacks affecting
Raynaud’s extremities; especially fingers, toes,
phenomenon ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure

inflammation of vein resulting in blood

thrombophlebitis
clots within a vein
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
thrombus partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
swollen and distended veins; often in
varicose veins
the legs

Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood test determines level of enzymes

cardiac specific to heart muscle in blood; an
enzymes increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum blood test measures amount of cholesterol
lipoprotein and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
level atherosclerosis risk

Diagnostic Imaging
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye

angiography
into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage

Diagnostic Imaging
using ultrasound to produce an

image of blood flowing through blood
Doppler
vessels in order to determine
ultrasonography
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize internal
echocardiography
cardiac structures; especially valves
X-ray of veins; used to identify a
venography
thrombus

Cardiac Function Tests
catheter is threaded through blood

vessel to heart; detects
cardiac
abnormalities, collects cardiac
catheterization
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial
damage

Cardiac Function Tests
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up

Holter
to a few days to assess heart activity as
monitor
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
stress
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
testing
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test

Figure 5.20 – Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)

Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output

cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure

Figure 5.21 – An emergency medical technician positions
defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient.
Medical Procedures
device implanted into the heart to

implantable
deliver an electric shock to restore
cardioverter-
normal heart rhythm; especially helpful
defibrillator
for ventricular fibrillation
device implanted into the heart to
pacemaker
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
implantation
especially helpful for bradycardia

Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the chest and the
electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc.–Stone Allstock)

Medical Procedures
use of drugs, such as streptokinase or

thrombolytic
tissue-type plasminogen activator, to
therapy
dissolve clots and restore blood flow

Surgical Procedures
percutaneous
transluminal balloon catheter is inserted through
coronary skin into coronary artery; inflated to
angioplasty dilate the narrow blood vessel
(PTCA)
removal of diseased valve and
valve replacement
replacement with an artificial valve

Figure 5.23 – Balloon angioplasty.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor produce vasodilation to Lotensin,

drugs decrease blood pressure Capoten
reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor,
antiarrhythmic
arrhythmias Corvert
prevents blood clot Warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
reduces blood cholesterol Lipitor,
antilipidemic
level Zocor

lowers heart rate to treat

Beta- Lopressor,
hypertension and angina
blocker Inderal
pectoris
decreases force of heart beat to
Calcium
treat hypertension, angina Cardizem,
channel
pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia
blocker
failure
increases force of heart
cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive Lanoxin
heart failure

increases urine
production to reduce
diuretic Lasix
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
dissolves existing
thrombolytic Plavix, Activase
blood clot

contracts smooth muscle in

vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise Aramine
blood pressure
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
Nitro-Dur,
vasodilator reduce blood pressure and
Vasodilan
increase blood flow to
ischemic area

Cardiovascular Abbreviations
AFB atrial fibrillation

AMI acute myocardial infarction
AS arteriosclerosis
ASD atrial septal defect
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V atrioventricular
BBB bundle branch block
BP blood pressure

bpm beats per minute

CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
cath catheterization
CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU coronary care unit
CHF congestive heart failure
CoA coarctation of the aorta

CP chest pain
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD congenital septal defect
CV cardiovascular
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECC extracorporeal circulation
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram

ECHO echocardiogram
GOT glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase
HTN hypertension
ICU intensive care unit
IV intravenous
LDH lactate dehydrogenase

LVAD left ventricular assist device

LVH left ventricular hypertrophy
MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
mmHg millimeters of mercury
MR mitral regurgitation
MS mitral stenosis
MVP mitral valve prolapse

P pulse
PAC premature atrial contraction
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC premature ventricular contraction
S1 first heart sound
S2 second heart sound

SA, S-A sinoatrial

SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SK streptokinase
tPA tissue-type plasminogen activator
Vfib ventricular fibrillation
VSD ventricular septal defect
VT ventricular tachycardia


Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System

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Medical Terminology

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Organs of Cardiovascular System

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 –manometer instrument to measure

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

–gram angiogram record of a vessel

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

–ic aortic pertaining to the aorta

–al arterial pertaining to an artery

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

surgical removal of fatty

–al atrial pertaining to the atrium

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

–itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

–plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve

–itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

–ous venous pertaining to veins

–ule venule small vein

–ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

listening to sounds within body using a

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

blood pressure cuff; measures

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

severe pain and sensation of constriction

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

congestive left ventricle muscle is too weak to

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

extremely serious arrhythmia characterized

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

weakness and ballooning of arterial

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

high blood pressure; essential or

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

inflammation of vein resulting in blood

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

blood test determines level of enzymes

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.