Wachemo University (WCU)

Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering (HWRE)

(For G_3 Civil Engineering)

Hydraulics Structures – I

Chapter Four: Hydraulic structures

In Hydropower Stations

HWRE Instr: Mr.Tagese K.

 Classification of Hydropower plants

1) Run-off river plant

2) Storage plant
3) Pump storage plant
4) Tidal plant

Run-off river plant

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 Diversion Plant

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 Storage plant

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 Pumped - Storage Plant

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 Net head determination

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 Principal components of a Hydro electric Scheme

a. Tunnel layout

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 b. Canal Layout

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 Conveyance system

 isrequired to carry the water from the reservoir to the

power house. It includes:
Canals
Tunnels
Pipes (penstocks)

 Penstocks-are high pressure conduits which carry water

from the forebay or surge tank to the turbine.

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 Fore bay

 an enlarged body of water just upstream the penstocks.

A fore bay is required only when the conveyance system
has channel flow.

Surge tank
If the conveyance system is a tunnel under a very high
pressure, surge tank is usually required at the upstream of
the power house or at the beginning of the penstocks to
reduce the water hammer effect.

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 Power house

 isa building for housing the equipment required for

generation of power , such as hydraulic turbines,
generators, governors & transformers etc.

Tail race
is the channel in which the water after passing through the
turbines is discharged in to the natural stream.

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 Water power potential

Water power potential is the amount of power generated

when Q m3/sec of water is allowed to fall through a head
difference H meter which is given by:

P = η γw Q Hnet
where η = efficiency of the plant

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 Hydraulic Turbines

 Turbines are machines which convert hydraulic energy

into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy so
developed by the turbine is then used to generate electric
energy by direct coupling the shaft of the turbine with
the generator.

Hydraulic turbine may be divided into two classes:

 Impulse turbines or velocity turbines
 Reaction turbines or pressure turbines

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 Impulse turbines or velocity turbines

 allthe available potential energy of water is converted

into kinetic energy by passing the penstock water
through a single nozzle. The water coming out of the
nozzle in the form of free jet is made to strike on a series
of buckets mounted on the periphery of a wheel.

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Example of Pelton turbine
 Reaction turbines or pressure turbines
 In this case, the water entering the turbine passes
pressure as well as kinetic energy.

Types of reaction Turbines

Francis turbines
Kaplan turbines

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 Cont…

.

Francis turbine and turbine blade

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 Cont…

.

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Kaplan & Tubular turbine
 .
END OF
. CLASS

THANK
YOU!!

O O O
2H 2H 2H

HWRE