FIRE PROTECTION

PROVISION FOR BUILDING

BUILDING SERVICES
INTRODUCTION
 As a building is designed, consideration of fire
protection system becomes integrally involved
with the design of the plumbing, mechanical,
communications and signaling systems.
 The fire protection system must provide for early
detection of a fire and give adequate warning.
 The design should consider
compartmentalization of the building, smoke
control and type of fire control system to be used.
 Fire suppression system include various types of
sprinkler system, extinguishing system etc.
 Fire
 Fire and processes of combustion happen due to 3 essential factors:

Fuel

FIRE
Heat Oxygen

• These 3 often referred to as the triangle of fire. Remove

any one of them and combustion cannot take place.
Fuel
• Any organic materials suitable for fire to start e.g
combustible solid i.e wood, paper, combustible
liquid i.e petrol and combustible gas i.e hydrogen
and butane gas.

Heat
• Correct temperature to promote combustion of
a particular fuel.
• Generated deliberately or it can be
spontaneous when the fuel itself ignites e.g -
chemical reaction, electrical short circuit.

Oxygen
• Air is necessary to sustain and support the
combustion process.
Understand fire science
• Exist in 3 states
• Combustible and non-combustible
• The 3 ingredients to generate a fire.
• Upper and lower limit of flammability.
• Rate of flame spread.
• Smothering, fire and explosion.
• Fire loads.
• Flash point.
• Fire point.
• Vapor density.
• Flammability.
 FIRE PROTECTION MEANS
Elements for basic fire protection can be broken down
into two categories:

Passive elements
Active fire protection systems

Both rely on good design and

installation techniques to provide the
appropriate level of protection each
system is expected to provide
Benchmark- Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
Part 1 -Preliminary – citation & interpretation.
Part 11 -Submission of plans for approval.
Part 111 – Space , light and ventilation.
Part 1V - Temporary works in connection with building operations.
Part V - Structural requirements.
Pat V1 - Construction requirements
Part V11 – Fire requirements
Part V111- Fire alarm, fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access.
Part 1X -Miscellaneous.
First schedule – Fees for consideration of plans, permit etc.
Second schedule – Forms A, Form B, Form C, Forms D, Forms E
Third schedule –Ventilation at normal situation.
Forth schedule –Weight of materials.
Fifth schedule – Designation of purpose group.
Sixth schedule – Calculation of permitted limits of unprotected areas.
Seventh schedule –Maximum travel distances.
• Eight Schedule – Classification of restriction of flame spread over surfaces of wall and ceiling.
• Nine schedule – Limit of compartments and minimum periods of fire resistance for elements
of structures.
• Tenth Schedule –Tables of elements for fire extinguishment, alarm system and emergency
lighting.
 FIRE PROTECTION

ACTIVE PASSIVE

FIRE FIRE DESIGN STRUCTURAL

DETECTION EXTINCTION REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

• Passive fire protection measures are those that control the

likelihood of ignition and fire growth and spread through material
control or by providing physical barriers to the movement of flame
or smoke.

• Passive fire protection systems are most often fixed in walls, floors,
ceilings, beams, columns, and shaft enclosures that are built to a
prescribed fire resistance rating.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
• This method of fire protection involved the use of fire resistant
materials in the design and construction of parts of the building to
slow or prevent the spread of fire in a building or fire spread to
neighboring buildings.
• The techniques of fire-resistant materials is to contain fire thus
allow save evacuation of building occupants.
• Every elements of structure e.g load and non-load bearing walls
and partition, floors, roofs, columns, beams, suspended ceilings,
staircase etc. shall be constructed as to have fire resistance for
not less than any periods specified in the Building regulations.
• For example:
o Any external wall shall have fire resistance of not less
than half an hour
o Any separating wall shall have fire resistance of not less
than one hour
o Fire doors must have fire resistance at least one hour
Passive requirements
• Party walls – for terrace, semi-detached, apartment etc.
• Compartment walls – divide large floor into
compartments.
• Compartment floors – each high-rise floor is a
compartment floor.
• Firewall – to protect fire place, boiler room etc.
• Enclosure walls for emergency staircases, protected lift
shafts, & protected lobby enclosures for high rise
buildings and chutes.
• Vertical or horizontal barriers for high rise buildings.
• Materials for protected corridors.
• Ceiling materials.
• Roof.
• Ducting.
• Fire doors
• Cables chutes.
Philosophies in installing passive systems

• Complements active system.

• Installation depends average fire loading, usage
• Limit or prevent spread of fire, smoke & heat.
• Prevent fire development beyond predetermined size
and easy to control the fire.
• Provide time for evacuation ( evacuation time depends
on the types of building – in term of travel distances and
dead ends. Refer Schedule 5 of the UBBL 1984 on
compartment sizes.
The passive method of fire protection may
involve 3 main features:

1.Compartmentation
Structural requirement
2.Fire walls
3.Fire escape Design requirement
Compartmentation
• It is restricting the spread of fire to only small area where the
fire started by using fire resistant enclosure i.e fire resistant
wall, ceiling and floor.
• This will give enough time building occupants escape from the
building.
• It also limit the size of fire, thus giving time for the arrival of
fire brigade.
• Fire can spread to another parts of the building via openings in
enclosure i.e open doors. Special doors call fire doors are fire
resistant for specified periods of time.
• In short, compartmentation makes the fire escape route
usable, control the spread and size of fire and the most
important thing is to ensure allowance of time for evacuation.
Fire Walls
• A building can be made up of several premises, with each premise
being owned by different owner. To prevent an accidental fire from
spreading from one premise to another, party wall and party floor
must be fireproof.
• This can be frequently seen in terrace houses or multi premise
commercial building.
• Somet imes fire walls are provided t o break-up premises into
separate fireproof sect ions especially when certain rooms with
import ant equipment and document s.
Fire Escape Route
• Is a design fire protected route from within building (when there
is fire) to the outside ground level or safe area within outside the
building.
• T h e f i r e p r o t ec t i on f o r t he r ou t e is pr ov id ed by c om par t m ent at ion
t ec hni qu e.
• Thus the walls, ceiling and floor along the fire escape routes
must be of fire resistant materials.
This I beam has a fire resistant
material sprayed onto it as a form
of passive fire protection.

Partition Wall
Common Example of Passive Fire Protection
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Examples
·Fire-resistance rated
·Firewalls
·Firedoor
·Fire-resistance glass
·Occupancy separation
·Firestops
·Grease ducts
·Cable coating
·Spray fireproofing
·Fireproofing cladding
·Enclosures
Firewalls

Firewalls
• Have a rating of fire-resistance
• Also designed to sub-divide
buildings such that if collapse
occurs on one side
• Also be used to eliminate the
need for sprinklers, as a trade-
off.
Standard Firewall:
A standard firewall is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no
openings (see Figure 1). It can be designed to have as much as a 4-hour fire-
resistance rating. The standard firewall is designed to contain a fire within the
area of origin, even after other firefighting efforts, such as sprinklers, have
failed.
Fire-resistance glass

Fire-resistance glass
• Using multi-layer in tumescent interlayer
technology
• The glass is optically clear, and can be used in
60 minute and 120 minute fire resistance rated
assemblies
• Can be installed as a fire-rated wall.
Fire door

Fire door
• Type of door or movable barrier used as part of a
passive fire protection system within buildings to
prevent the spread of fire or smoke between
separate sections
• It is usually the only means of allowing people
to pass through a fire-resistant wall.
 Reaction of Pilkington Pyrostop
Fire door During a Fire
Occupancy separation

Occupancy separations
• barriers design as occupancy separations are
intended to segregate parts of buildings, where
different uses are on each side
Firestops

Firestops
• passive fire protection system of various
components used to seal openings and joints in
fire-resistance rated wall or floor assemblies,
based on fire testing and certification listings.
Firestops Installation
Grease ducts

Grease ducts
• Ducts that lead from commercial cooking
equipment to grease duct fans
• Made of sheet metal, all welded, and certified
openings for cleaning, whereby the ducting is
either inherently manufactured to have a
specific fire-resistance rating
Grease ducts
Cable coating

Cable coating
• application of fire-retardants
to reduce flame spread and
smoke development of
combustible cable-jacketing
Spray fireproofing

Spray fireproofing
• application of in tumescent or endothermic paints,
or fibrous or cementations plasters to keep
substrates such as structural steel, electrical or
mechanical services and others
Fireproofing cladding
Fireproofing cladding
·boards used for the same purpose and in the
same applications as spray fireproofing
·Materials for such cladding include polite,
vermiculite, calcium silicate, gypsum, in tumescent
epoxy
Enclosures
Enclosures
·Boxes made of fireproofing materials, including
fire-resistive wraps and tapes to protect specialty
valves
·The provision of circuit integrity measures
to keep electrical cables operational during an
accidental fire.
 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

SPRINKLER
EXTIGHUISHER FIRE DETECTION FIRE HYDRANTS
SYSTEM

FIRE BUCKET & HEAT DETECTOR

BLANKET DRY RISER & WET SMOKE
HOSE REEL
PORTABLE FITE RISER DETECTOR
EXTINGUISHER FLAME DETECTOR
• Active fire protection measures are those that
take direct physical action to reduce the
growth rate of fire or the migration of smoke.

• Active fire protection systems are most

often fire sprinkler and smoke control
systems that receive signals, both manual
and automatic, to perform their intended
function.

• Fire alarm systems are part of active fire

protection used for activation of
extinguishing systems or the notification of
building occupants and the fire department.
Philosophies for installing active system

• Control or limit the fire spread manually or

automatically.
• If the fire cannot be control automatically then we
have to use systems such as wet & dry risers, hose
reel, foam system etc. manually.
• To alert occupants on the outbreak of fire.
(Sleeping risk and non sleeping risk types of
premises considered as life safety matters).
• Reduce damages to properties (including damages
by water, smoke and heat. (property safety)
Philosophies for installing active system.

• Control or limit the fire spread manually or

automatically.
• If the fire cannot be control automatically then we
have to use systems such as wet & dry risers,
hose reel, foam system etc. manually.
• To alert occupants on the outbreak of fire.
(Sleeping risk and non sleeping risk types of
premises considered as life safety matters).
• Reduce damages to properties (including
damages by water, smoke and heat. (property
safety)
Active protections (portable, fixed installations and
alarms systems)

• Portable fire extinguishers. (water, foam, dry powder and

CO2).
• Large size fire extinguishers (trolley types).
• Hose reel.
• Dry riser.
• Down comer,
• Wet riser.
• Sprinkler system.
• Drencher system.
• Foam fixed installation.
• Water spray and fog system.
• Manual fire alarm.
• Automatic alarm (smoke, heat, flame and gas detectors),
• Exhaust fans for smoke / heat.
• Energen, CO2, FM 200
Fire Extinguisher
There are few types of fire extinguisher such as:
• Fire bucket and blanket
• Portable fire extinguisher
• Fire sprinklers system
• Gas extinguisher system
 CO2 based

Water based based

Dry chemical

Wet chemical based

Foam based
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Fire bucket and blanket
·The fire bucket are bucket containing sand and used to
smother small fire in area where there are oil and fat, but fear
of
electrocution.
·This method is less maintenance.
·The fire blanket is made of asbestos cloth or some other fire
proof fiber and used to smother oil and fat fires.
·Fire blanket are also useful for putting out a fire on person.

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 ·Is a portable tank, which is filled with an extinguishing
agent either water based, gas based, foam based and powder
based.
·A nozzle is fitted to the top of the tank so that these agents
can be sprayed out.
·Portable fire extinguishers are hung on the way at
appropriate places and can be used to attend a small fire
during its initial stage.
·There are several types of portable fire
extinguisher:
oWater
oFoam
oCarbon Dioxide
oDry Chemical
oWet Chemical

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P o rta b le F ire E x tin g u is h e r
45

·W
at
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48
Types of sprinkler heads

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 ·Fire should be detected and be made known to the building
occupants to allow enough time for escape and reduce fire
damage.
·Fire can be detected by a person and then he raise the alarm
to inform other occupants.
·Or the fire can be detected by a detector which then
automatically cause an alarm sound.
·Some detectors are only used to activate an automatic fire
fighting equipment such as sprinkler.
·Fire can be detected by the elements of fire:
◦ Heat detector
◦ Smoke detector
◦ Flame detector

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F ire D e te c tio n
Heat Detector
·Are the oldest, cheapest and most widely used.
·Simple and reliable fire detection device.
·However, they are the slowest to respond than
other type of detector.
Smoke Detector
·Used of principle of the dispersion of light by
smoke particles to detect the presence of fire.
·Recommended to use where surrounded
materials are produce more visible smoke than
flame.
·Should not be used in dusty area.
Flame Detector
·Its only respond to energy which is visible i.e flame.
·Thus if there is objects obstructing the view of the
flame by detectors, it’s effectiveness reduce.
·Used in the area where fire are likely not to
generate smoke (such as gasoline)
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 Flame detector

Smoke detector

He
5 2
at
det
ect
or
 ·The fire hydrant actually public or private water
outlet for fire fighting which is directly connected to
the water supply mains pipe.
·In some places, hydrant water supply
separate from the mains water supply because it
will avoid a situation where water pressure is
low.

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F ire H y d ra n t
54
Example
of Fire
Hydrant
 ·Fire Hose Reels are located to
provide a reasonably accessible
and controlled supply of water to
combat a potential fire risk.
·The fire hoses are connected to
the mains water supply and extend
for about 30 feet.
·Some fire hose reels are
located in cabinets whilst others
are visible on the wall in a hall or
corridor. The will always have
appropriate signage indicating
their location.
·Various types of reels are
available to meet specific needs.
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se
o
HR l
56
Example of Fire Alarm Appliances57
 Emergency lighting and exit
signs

·At this stage emergency lighting and exit

signs provide sufficient illumination for safe
evacuation of the building.
·The exit signs include directional signs
indicating the path to exits for occupants. The
lift system cannot be used for escape in a fire
and a warning sign is displayed stating so for
all occupants.
·The fire brigade only can override the lifts
for use in access for the fighting of the fire
and for the purpose of evacuating people with
disabilities.

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 ·Legislation requires that all buildings must
be provided with adequate means of escape,
so that in event of fire, occupants of the
building can escape to a place of safety
beyond the building.
·To achieve this, the structural measures
that constitute the means of escape (escape
routes, staircases and fire exits) must be
supported by other measures, such as
emergency escape lighting, fire warning
systems and fire safety signs
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M E E S A C N A S P O E F
60

D
 STRATEGY IN
ESCAPE

EXIT ROUTE(EGRESS) PROTECTION (REFUGE)

EASY WAY OF ESCAPE ROUTE USE OF STRUCTURAL FIRE

ESCAPE ROUTE IN THE
OUT OF BUILDING WHEN BUILDING TO OTHERS SAFE
ALARM RINGING COMPARTMENT

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 4 Stages of fire escape
1st
stages Escape from room or area of
causes of
fire
2nd Escape from first compartment to
stages end of
escape route to fire staircase

3rd
Escape from 1st floor that in fire to
stages lower
floor

4th
Escape to the lowest floor (safe
stages place)

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 2

F60

DG F90

OG
1st stage
GESCHOSS
(most critical) E
floors
OG
2nd stage GESC
(less critical) HOSSE
floors

EG
3rd stage
(lesser critical)
KG
4th stage
(safe place)

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1