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BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING

Unit-3 SURVEYING

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PRISMATIC COMPASS

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Explain the Temporary adjustment of dumpy level . The temporary adjustment involves two operation1) Setting up the level: (i) Placing the tripod

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(ii) Levelling

2) Elimination of parallex: (i) Focussing eye-piece (ii) Focussing object

Setting up the level

(i) Fixing of tripod -: Fix the tripod to a convenient height , which depends upon the height of an observer. Take out the instrument from the box by right hand and screw it to tripod by left hand. Bring the foot screws to centers of their run.Fix now firmly two legs of tripod & move the third leg left or right and make the tripod horizontal ( eye adjustment ).
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(ii) Levelling - Levelling is done by foot screws. Bring the telescope parallel to any pair of foot screws. Now by turning the foot screws either in or out simultaneously, bring the bubble of the level tube to centre. Turn the telescope through 900 ;now it will be parallel to third foot screw. By turning now in or out the third screw, bring the bubble to the centre of its run. Repeat the procedure two to three times.
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foot screw

Elimination of parallex (i) Focusing Eye piece - White paper is kept in front of the object glass and the eye piece turned in or out to make the cross wires distinct. (ii) Focusing of object glass - Direct the telescope towards the staff. The staff is brought within two vertical lines of the diaphragm. Focussing is done by Focussing the screw of the telescope .

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FORE BEARING AND BACK BEARING

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The bearing observed in the direction of survey is called fore bearing (F.B.)
BACK POINT

The bearing observed on the same line of fore bearing in opposite direction at the other end is called back bearing(B.B.)

FRONT POINT

TO FIND BB FROM FB
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In WCB system

In RB system

INCLUDE ANGLE

When bearing of two line Interior angle=360- exterior angle as measured from the point of intersection Subtract the smaller from the greater If the difference is less than 180 the angle will be interior angle If the difference is greater than 180 the angle will be exterior angle

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FLY LEVELLING
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It is an operation of levelling in which a line of levels is run to determine the approximate elevation. It is carried out for reconnaissance of the area.

Difference in level, between two consecutive readings= distance/gradient

PROBLEM:
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In running fly level a bench mark of R.L 250.00m, the following readings were obtained : Back sight: 1.315, 2.035, 1.980, 2.625 Fore sight: 1.150, 3.450, 2.255 From the last position of instrument, five pegs at 20m interval are to be set out on a uniform rising gradient of 1 in 40. the first peg is to have R.L. 247.245m. Work out a staff reading required for setting the tops of the pegs on the given gradient.

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Station

BS

IS

FS

HI

RL

REMARKS

1.315

BM
CP CP CP PEG1 PEG2 PEG3 PEG4 PEG5