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Chemical Kinetics
• The study of the
rate of chemical
reactions, including
the mechanism by
which a reaction
occurs and the
different factors that
affect it.
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Rate of a Reaction
Rate
• The rate of a chemical
reaction is a measure of how
fast the reaction occurs
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Rate
aA + bB cC + dD
1 [A] 1 [B]
Rate= - 1 [C]
a t =- b t =
c t
1 [D]
= d t
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Sample Problem
Hydrogen peroxide (agua oxygenada, H2O2) is a colorless
liquid used as disinfectant and bleach. At high
temperatures, it decomposes easily into water and oxygen.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Write the equation for the rate of reaction based on the
concentration of the reactants and products
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Sample Problem
Express the rate of the chemical reactions in terms of the
change in concentration of the reactants or products
2N2O(aq) 2N2O(g) + O2(g)
Answer:
1 [N2O] [O2]
Rate= - 1 [N2O]
= =
2 t 2 t t
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Assignment
Express the rate of the following chemical reactions in
terms of the change in concentration of the reactants or
products
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Rate
• Speed of chemical reaction is measured as a
change in the amount of some reactant or
product per unit time.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g)
• The rate expression shows the relative speed at
which the concentration of one species changes
with respect to that of another species.
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Rate
• H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g)
[H 2 ] [I 2 ]
• Disappearance of reactant Rate = or
t t
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
The Average Rate of the Reaction
[H 2 ]
Rate =
t
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
The Instantaneous Rate of the Reaction
• Rate at any single
point.
• Determined by
calculating the slope of
the tangent to the
curve
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
The Instantaneous Rate of the Reaction
Using H 2
[H 2 ]
Rate =
t
0.28 M
Rate = = 0.0070 M/s
40 s
Using HI
[HI]
Rate = 1/2
t
0.56 M
Rate = 1/2 = 0.0070 M/s
40s
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
General Definition of Rate and Rate of Reaction
• aA + bB cC + dD
1 A 1 B 1 C 1 D
Rate = = = =
a t b t c t d t
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Solution
• For 2N2O (g) 2 N2 (g) + O2 (g)
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Measuring Reaction Rates
• Chemical Polarimetry
– By measuring the degree of
polarization of light passing
thru a solution of reactants
and products can determine
the relative amounts of
each.
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Measuring Reaction Rates
• Spectroscopy
– Light is passed thru a sample
– Absorption of light is proportional to concentration.
– More light absorbed = higher concentration.
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Measuring Reaction Rates
• Pressure Measurement
– Concentrations of gaseous reactants can be
monitored by measuring changes in pressure
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
• Rate = k [A]n
– Where k is a proportionality constant called a rate
constant and n is the reaction order
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Zero-Order Reaction
• Rate = k[A]0 = k
– Independent of reactant concentration
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Zero-Order Reaction
• Example of a zero-order reaction is decomposition of
NH3 in presence of molybdenum or tungsten catalyst
[Mo]
• 2NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
First-Order Reaction
• Rate = k[A]1 = k
– Directly proportional to [reactant]
• [Reactant] decreases with time
– Not linear – slope becomes less steep
– Reaction slows down as reaction
progresses
– Rate decreases
• Rate is directly proportional to
[reactant]
– linear
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Second-Order Reaction
• Rate = k[A]2
– Proportional to square of [reactant]
• [Reactant] decreases with time
– Not linear – slope becomes less steep
– Reaction slows down as reaction
progresses
– Rate decreases
• Rate is proportional to square
[reactant]
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Concept Check
• The initial rate of reaction is measured for the
reaction NO2 (g) + CO (g) → NO (g) + CO2 (g)
• Determine the rate law and rate constant for the
reaction.
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Solution
• The initial rate of reaction is measured for the
reaction NO2 (g) + CO (g) → NO (g) + CO2 (g)
• Determine the rate law and rate constant for the
reaction.
• Rate = k [NO2]2[CO]0
• Rate = k [NO2]2
rate 0.0021 M/s 1
k 2
2
0.21 M s 1
[NO 2 ] [0.01 M]
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The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
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