Water

Environment
 WHAT IS WATER?
 Major constituent of living matter
 Water is one of the best-known ionizing agents
(universal solvent)
 Water covered about 70%-78% of the planet
earth
 What is pollution?

 contamination of Earth’s environment with materials that

interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the
natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and
their physical surroundings). Although some environmental
pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic
eruptions, most is caused by human activities.
Figure 2. total global water content
Figure 3. global freshwater distribution
Ice caps and Glaciers
The four main parts of water
cycle
 Evaporation and Transpiration
Evaporation is when the heat from the sun
warms up water and turns it into water vapor.
In more scientific terms, evaporation is the
change of liquid water into gaseous water.
Transpiration is when water evaporates from
the plants. It also helps keep plants cool in the
same way that perspiration keeps animals, such as
humans, cool.
 Condensation
it is the turn of water vapor back to a liquid
that forms clouds. It occurs when the
temperature of the air declines causing
cloud formation. As clouds form, they move
from the winds. When the clouds can’t hold
all the moisture that has made them, they
release the water in the form of precipitation.
 Precipitation
process of turning gas to liquid
brings the water back to the ground where it
originated.
the main forms of precipitation are rain, hail,
snow, sleet, and freezing rain.
 Accumulation
accumulation of the precipitation is the final
stage of the water cycle before it starts all over
again. There is subsurface and regular surface
runoff from hills and mountains, and the water
then accumulates back into lakes, rivers, and
oceans. If it ends up on land with no close body of
water it will soak into the earth and become
ground water that plants and animals use.
Hydrologic/water cycle
Storage

Precipitation

Evaporation and transpiration

Runoff
The hydrologic cycle consists
of four key components:
 Precipitation - occurs when atmospheric moisture
becomes too great to remain suspended in clouds.
 Runoff - is the water that flows across the land
surface after a storm event.
 Storage - portion of the precipitation falling on
land surface which does not flow out as runoff gets
stored.
 Evapotranspiration - is actually the combination
of two terms – evaporation and transpiration.
 Water
Pollution
Water Pollution
 contamination of streams,
lakes, underground water,
bays, or oceans by substances
harmful to living things.
Polluted Water

The pollution of rivers, streams, and oceans has become a serious problem around
the world. Pollution can come from many sources, including factories, farms,
sewage, and illegal dumping.
What does the pollution do?

 Pollutioncan kill or sicken

plants, animals, and people.
Pollution can change the
environment. Things that cause
pollution are called pollutants.
Two types of polluting materials:
 Biodegradable pollutants
-are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly
decompose by natural processes. These pollutants
become a problem when added to the environment
faster than they can decompose (see Sewage
Disposal).
 Non - biodegradable pollutants
-are materials that either do not
decompose or decompose slowly in the natural
environment. Once contamination occurs, it is
difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants
from the environment.
How can we stop pollution?

 Stop producing it in the first place.

 Governments can pass laws that forbid or limit the
use of chemicals or garbages especially plastics
that cause pollution. Laws can stop factories from
dumping poisonous chemicals and garbages in
lakes, rivers, and the ocean.
 Clean up drives
 Discipline ourselves
Different sources of water supply:

Rainfall
Surface water resources
• rivers
• lakes
• reservoirs
 Groundwater resources.
 Surface waters may have the
following types of pollutions:

Suspended solids
Floating solids including oils, greases
Organic matter
Inorganic dissolved salts
Acid, alkalies, toxic chemicals and heavy metals
Radioactive materials
 Foam and colour are indicators of contaminations.
 Microorganisms
 Thermal pollution
 Groundwater
water sources found below the
surface of the earth often in naturally
occurring reservoirs in permeable
rock strata; the source for wells and
natural springs.
 Ground Water
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation

Confined
Recharge
Runoff
Area

Flowing
artesian well Recharge Stream
Unconfined Aquifer
Well
requiring
Infiltration Water a pump Lake
table
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Less
permeable material Confined aquifer
such as clay
Confining impermeable rock layer
 Sources of Polluted air

Groundwater
Pollution: Pesticides
and fertilizers
Hazardous
waste
injection
Deicing
Coal strip well
road salt Buried gasoline
mine runoff
and solvent tanks
Cesspool,
Pumping Gasoline septic tank
well station
Water
Waste lagoon pumping well
Sewer
Landfill

Accidental Leakage
spills from faulty
casing
Discharge
q u ifer
a
h water Confined
d fres
n fi n e
q u ifer aquifer
o ra
Unc ate
Groundwater
sh w
fre flow
e d
nfin
Co
Ground water contamination

Sewers and septic tanks

Waste dumps
Gasoline Tanks
Biological waste products
Agricultural pollutants
Salt water contamination
 Groundwater Pollution Prevention

 Monitor aquifers

 Find less hazardous substitutes

 Leak detection systems

 Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

 Store hazardous materials above ground

Ocean Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
 Oil Pollution

Sources: offshore wells, tankers,

pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of
animal insulation and buoyancy
Mechanical clean-up methods:
skimmers and blotters
 Oil Pollution in Oceans
 Crude and refined petroleum
 Tanker accidents
 Urban and industrial runoff
GUIMARAS OIL SPILL
Effects of Oil Pollution on
Ocean Ecosystems
 Volatile organic hydrocarbons
• Kill larvae
• Destroys natural insulation and
buoyancy
 Heavy oil
• Sinks and kills bottom organisms
• Coral reefs die
 Oil Cleanup Methods
 Prevention is most effective
method
• Control runoff
• Double haul tankers
Sources Water Pollution
Water
Pollution

Point Non-point
source source

Industrial Municipal Agricultural

Atmospheric
effluent waste runoff

Textile Tannery Dyeing Thermal

Point Sources
Single large source
Can localize it to one spot
• Industrial Plants
• Sewage pipes

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

Suburban
POINT
development
SOURCES
Factory
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Non-point Sources
 Diffuse source or many smaller point
sources
 Fertilizer on fields
NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

Suburban
development Factory
Wastewater
treatment
plant
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

What is wastewater?
Wastewater is water that has been used and
must be treated before it is released into another
body of water.
 What is wastewater treatment?
Wastewater treatment
refers to the process of removing pollutants
from water previously employed for
industrial, agricultural, or municipal uses.
The techniques used to remove the pollutants
present in wastewater can be broken into
biological, chemical, physical and energetic.
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
 Thank
You
Divinagracia, Ian E.
Gabonada, Nathaniel R. Jr.
Llido, Evan E.

TEAM HAWUD 