PRACTICAL

RESEARCH II:
AN
INTRODUCTION
BY: MARIAN JOY SALVADOR ALTAR

PR II SUBJECT TEACHER
“If we knew what we were doing, it
wouldn’t be called research, would it?”

Albert Einstein
What is research?
● research. 1.a. the systematic investigation into and study of
materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach
new conclusions. b. an endeavour to discover new or collate
old facts etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course
of critical investigation. [Oxford Concise Dictionary]
What is research?
● Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we
want to resolve
● We may already think we know the answer to our question already
● We may think the answer is obvious, common sense even
● But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific
scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at
best, intuition.
What is research?
● First priority is to formulate your question
● Then figure out how you are going to answer it
○ How have others answered it?
○ How does your proposal fit in with what others have done?
○ How will you know when you have answered it?
● Then you can present your answer
 The Right and the Left
 Quantitative research - numbers, numbers, numbers
 Qualitative research - words, words, words
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Assumptions
about the World
 Based upon the idea of
“logical positivism”, that is,
there is a singular reality
with stable, social facts that
are separate from the
feelings and beliefs of
individuals.
 Based on the notion of
“constructivism”, which
assumes multiple realities
that are socially constructed
through individual and
collective perceptions or
views of the same situation.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Research
Purpose

 Seeks to establish  Concern is with the

relationships and explain
causes of changes in
measured variables. That
is, the goal of science is to
explain and predict.
understanding of the social
phenomenon from the
participants’ perspectives.
This requires, to some
degree, researcher
participation.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Methods and
Process

 The scientific method, also  Use of emergent design

known as a priori or pre- utilizing constant
established design. comparison and revision.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Prototypical
Studies

 Experimental or correlational  Use of ethnography, which

designs are used to reduce
error, bias and the influence
of extraneous variables--
control of bias is through
design.
helps readers understand
the multiple perspectives of
the situation by the persons
studied. Subjectivity in data
analysis and interpretation is
acknowledged.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Researcher Role

 Detachment from study in  Immersion

order to avoid bias. in_x0008__x0008__x0008__x
0008__x0008_ situation and
the phenomenon being
studied.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Precision

 Obtained through the use of  Provided by detailed

measurement and statistics description of phenomenon
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Verification

 Results replicated by others.  Extension of understandings

by others.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Explanation

 Traditionally, parsimonious  Summary through narrative--

explanations were sought, importance is placed on
but this may be changing reducing complex realities to
due to technology. simple explanations.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Logical
Reasoning

 DEDUCTIVE--What’s the  INDUCTIVE--anyone have

classic example? an example?
Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Conditional
Conclusions

 Statements of statistical  Tentative summary

probability. interpretations.
 Types of Quantitative Studies
 Descriptive
 True experimental
 Quasi-experimental
 Correlational
 Predictive
 Research Using Primary Data
● Cross-sectional

● Case Control

● Cohort

● Randomized controlled trial

 GOODLUC
K!
LETS ALL WORK TOGETHER AS A TEAM,
NOT I,
NOT ME,
BUT WE!