Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
Analysis Data
S E M IN AR 1
BY
DR AZ M A AS N AWI S HAH B. HJ. A BD.
HAK IM
Objectives:
Basic research:
discovery, exploration, understanding, explanation.
Developing new knowledge.
E.g. Understanding the concept and meaning of “melepak”
Applied research:
prediction, forecasting, productivity improvement, outcome
enhancement.
It takes existing knowledge to solve problems
E.g. Evaluating the impact of cozy and private parks on
“melepak” phenomenon in Selangor.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative:
Assumes objective social reality
Social reality is relatively constant across time and space
Sees causal relationships among social phenomena from a
mechanistic perspective
Qualitative:
Social reality is constructed by its participants
Human intentions play major role in explaining causal
relationships among social phenomena
Quantitative Qualitative
Analyzes social reality into variables. Makes holistic observations of the total
context within which social action
occurs
Uses preconceived concepts and Discovers concepts and theories after
theories to determine what data will data have been collected.
be collected
What is Scientific (systematic) Research?
Purposive : specific objective
Testability : can be verified
Rigour : great care in examination
Replicability : others can repeat it
Precision & confidence : definitional clarity
Objectivity : researcher’s biases are reduced or
removed
Generalisability : can be applied to similar cases
Parsimony : identification of the major causes or
consequences
What kind of research is required from students?
6. Literature review
Standard Elements of a Research Report
7. Research methodology
research design
population, sample, sample size and
sampling
unit of analyses
measurement
data collection
data analysis
8. Findings
9. Discussion & conclusions
10. References (MLA / APA)
11. Appendices