Research Method

&
Analysis Data
S E M IN AR 6

BY
DR AZ M A AS N AWI S HAH B. HJ. A BD.
HAK IM
 Exercise: Measurement

 Time : 10 minutes.
 Groups : 3-4 students

Define the concept:

Adoption of ICT - what it is and is not.

Identify Indicators:
What will show adoption of ICT? What you can see, sense, hear and therefore, count,
weigh, assess or in short, measure adoption?
 Research Methods: Measurement
Type of Measurement
 Quantitative or qualitative
 Number of response categories
 Single or multiple measures
 ratio scales (categories)
- Gender (male / female)

 interval scales ( category order and spacing of Equal intervals)

- Intelligence tests scores, Temperature, ‘0’ has a value

 ordinal scales (category & order)

- Educational qualification (PhD, Master, Bachelor, Diploma)

 nominal scales (category order and A zero point)

- Age, weight, ‘0’ has no value
 Research Methods: Measurement

Examples:
General information
1. Are you happy Yes No with 2 response
categories

2. Are you happy Very happy

Better information
Happy quality with more
choices of 4 response
Unhappy
categories
Very
unhappy
 Research Methods: Measurement

Likert Scale question

 Eg. Important things in your life

 Research Methods: Measurement

Semantic Differential

5 4 3 2 1
5 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 20
Lowest = 6- Poor/Low
Highest = 30 Good/High
 Research Methods: Measurement

Some advice:
 Use existing measures – performance & properties you known
 More items/indicators/measures – better result

 More response options – better but too many is problematic

 Ecologically meaningful – everyday measures, respondents can relate

 Objective & subjective indicators – mix better

 Qualitative measures – understanding

•Will I get back my
questionnaires?
 Quantitative measures – analysis and • What can I do to maximize
comparison return?
 Research Methods: Measurement

1. Think when you are considering the measurement:

2. What should I think about?
3. Think about:
1. What is the definition?
2. Is there a ready measure?
3. Is “good”?
4. Should I design?
5. What type of measure?
6. Would it make it easy to analyse?
7. Quality of information/data • Ready made vs. self
8. Ecological suitability developed?
• How do we decide on the
goodness of measure?
 Research Methods: Data Collection

 How will you get the data from the respondents – the specific
sample/units who you have selected to be included in the study.

Generally we can do this by;

1. Questionnaire: a pre-structured series of questions to solicit response from
respondents. Could be personally delivered, mailed or web-based.

2. Interviews: a purposive dialogue with the respondent. Could be structured or

unstructured.

3. Observations: Collection of data from a scene or setting by the researcher

with or without instruments. Could be participant or non-participant.
 Research Methods: Data Collection

1. Questionnaire:
• Good for getting more objective, simple and well understood issues
and problems.
• Can reach many within a short time – efficient.
• Easier to code and analyse because the data is pre-structured
• Response rate low
• Restricts response
• Assumes some level of literacy of language and terms
• Cannot be sure who the actual respondent is
• Cannot be too long – low response
 Research Methods: Data Collection

 Questionnaire - A pre-formulated written set of questions to

which respondents records answers, usually with closely

 Alternative methods:

 Mail questionnaires
 Personally administered questionnaires

 Email questionnaires (eg. survey monkey)

 Research Methods: Data Collection

Questionnaire design:
i. Cover letter
 purpose of the study (objectives of research)
 who you are

 who should answer

 assurance (info about respondence)

 what to do with it

 appreciation for cooperating

 who to contact if needed (Researcher, supervisor/s)

 Research Methods: Data Collection

Questionnaire design:
ii. Questionnaire proper:
 Only include necessary questions
 Properly subdivided into sections (Part A, Part B etc.)

 Clear answering instructions

 Clear correct questions or statements

 Ease of recording responses (space to provide answer)

 Adequate answering space if open ended

 Research Methods: Data Collection

Question construction:
 Simple language and short question:
I enjoy my work , My professional engagements are immensely joyful

 Avoid socially desirable questions

Do you think that the old must be taken care of?

 No double barreled questions

Do you think there is a good market for the products and it will sell well?
 No leading questions
Do you think that in today high cost living, employees should be given good
pay rises?

 No loaded questions
To what extent do you think management is likely to be cruel if the union
decide to go on strike?
- 2 questions; i. Employees want to go for strike
ii. Employees fear of management reaction if they go on strike

 Good sequencing