THE WHO????

Who is richest person in the

world?
Elon Musk
Who is the most admired
entrepreneurs in the Philippines?
Andrew Tan
3. What is the most difficult
subject among Yengkonians?
4. What is the most effective way
to of preventing the spread of
COVID -19?
What is the most read
book of all time?
What is a report?

Reports are more likely needed for business,

scientific and technical subjects, and in the
workplace.
Types of Reports
Developing a Questionnaire
What is a Survey Questionnaire?

 It is a data gathering tool composed of a set of

questions used in a survey and is utilized in
various fields such as politics, research,
marketing, media and so on. It is intended to
gather data, views, opinions and others from
individuals or a particular group of people.
What is a Survey Questionnaire?

 A tool for collecting information to describe,

compare, or explain an event or situation, as
well as, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors,
and/or sociodemographic characteristics on a
particular target group.
Before the Design of Quetionnaire

Your approach should take consideration of:

Your topic
Who you want survey
The type of information you want
Your budget
How quickly you need the information
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Administering a survey is a systematic way

of achieving certain goals. The following
methods are introduced by Sarah Mae
Sincero (2012).
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Personal Approach

This process of conducting the survey involves the

researcher. It is used to probe the answers of the
respondents and at the same time, to observe the
behavior of the respondents, either individually or as a
group.
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Personal Approach

a. Face-to-face Structured Interview. The interview is set personally,

and the people involved face each other in order to gather the
necessary information. Questions on the survey are asked directly to
the respondent by the researcher.

b. Telephone Survey. The survey is done using telephone or cellular

phones. The calls are made to ask individuals about certain
questions. This method can be used for asking consequential
questions.
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Self-administered Approach

In this type of approach, the survey is

administered without the actual presence of the
researcher and the respondents are expected to
accomplish the survey independently.
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Self-administered Approach

a. Paper-and-pencil. Survey This is a traditional

method of administering a survey which entails
that respondent be or are accompanied by
someone who is computer literate.
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Self-administered Approach

b. Online Survey. This is a useful technique

especially for studies which include many
respondents from different locations. This is used
to gather information from respondents who live
in different areas. This enables all participants to
answer through different online platforms.
Administering Survey Questionnaire

Self-administered Approach

c. Mail Survey. This popular tool requires an

easy- administering of the survey where survey
questionnaires are mailed to individuals who are
given enough time to read and ponder on the
information asked.
Dos and Don’ts of a Survey
Questionnaire

A survey questionnaire should be well-

constructed so that the respondents could
understand it thoroughly and be motivated to
complete it. Therefore, a questionnaire… (Mora,
May 11, 2016)
Dos and Don’ts of a Survey
Questionnaire
1. Should use words that have clear meaning The questions
should not be vague and difficult to comprehend so that the
questionnaire will not be left unanswered.

2. Should cover all possible options. The respondents should be

given five ranking options at most so that they will not be tired of
choosing from a lot of options which do not give the choices they
are looking for. If this will not be observed, this will lead to an
abandoned questionnaire.

3. Should not ask two or more questions in one sentence. The

question should focus on one topic or item at a time so that the
respondents will not be confused with choosing answers.
Dos and Don’ts of a Survey
Questionnaire
4. Should provide an out-option. The survey should give the
respondents the option to choose “Does not apply or “None” for
questions they do not feel comfortable answering.

5. Should provide appropriate time reference. Respondents

could not easily recall past experiences and be doubtful as to the
exact measurement or time they spent.

6. Should have a clear question structure. Survey

questionnaire should follow three parts: the question stem,
additional instructions and response options so that the
respondents will not be confused what to answer or choose. This
will result in unreliable gathered data.
Dos and Don’ts of a Survey
Questionnaire
7. Should not include personal or embarrassing questions. Questions
should be gender and culture sensitive so that the respondents may not
feel awkward or embarrassed in giving their responses.

8. Should avoid double negative questions. Double negatives may

occur when respondents are asked of their agreement on a certain issue.
This should be avoided so that the respondents‘ response will be clear
and precise.

9. Should outline instructions or directions clearly and

understandably. Clear instructions will lead to positive, appropriate, and
clear answers. If respondents are clearly asked and told what to do, they
will also foster positive attitude towards answering the questionnaire.
Conducting a Survey
THREE STEPS IN CONDUCTING A
SURVEY

1. Decide on a four or five option survey

questions. Then make a tally chart with an
appropriate heading and title. The question
should follow the guidelines of making an
effective survey question. Formulate questions
that address the aim and need of the research.
The question should be clear, concise and
efficient. The heading and the title should reflect
the focus of the survey.
THREE STEPS IN CONDUCTING A
SURVEY

2. Conduct a survey then tally all the answers. In

conducting a survey, make sure all answers are
noted. Plan for a more systematic way of tallying.
THREE STEPS IN CONDUCTING A
SURVEY

3. Count the answers marking the items with the

least to the greatest tallies. Then make a graphic
representation of the results. Be careful in tallying
so you should observe accuracy and honesty.
Results can be presented using any graphics.
Most commonly used are charts and organizers.
Choose the most appropriate graphics that best
represent the result of the survey.
NOTE IN CONDUCTING A SURVEY

When conducting a survey, you must observe

ethics. You should write a letter of consent. In the
letter you should also emphasize that the
information given by the respondents/
participants will be held with utmost
confidentiality. You should be polite and show
respect to the respondents. You should maintain
a friendly atmosphere so that respondents may
not feel so intimidated.
Questionnaire Design

 Questionnaire design is a systematic process

in which the researcher contemplates various
question formats, considers a number of
factors characterizing the survey at hand,
ultimately words the various questions very
carefully, and organizes the questionnaire’s
layout.
Procedure for Development
 Specify what information will be sought

 Determine the type of questionnaire and method of

administration

 Determine the content of individual questions

 Determine the form of response to each question

 Determine the wording of each question

Types of Questions in a Questionnaire

 Open questions
– more information but difficult to codify, enter, and
analyze

 Closed questions
– less information but easy to codify, enter, and
analyze
Open-ended questions

 Help collect qualitative data in a questionnaire

where the respondent can answer in a free
form with little to no restrictions.

– What are your expectations/ requirements for this

product (Information gathering)
– What do you see as the next action steps?
(Qualifying)
– What’s the most important priority to you with this?
Why? (Establishing rapport)
Close-ended questions
 They are a multiple-choice questions type in which a
respondent has to select one (single select multiple
choice question) or many (multiselect multiple choice
question) responses from a given list of options. 

– Have you been stressed lately?

 Yes
 No
Types of Multiple Choice Questions
 Likert Scale
Types of Multiple Choice Questions

 Checklist type
Types of Multiple Choice Questions

 Rank Order
Types of Multiple Choice Questions

• Rating Scale
 Common mistakes
What might
be wrong
with this
question?

Need to cover
all options
 Common mistakes
What might
What is your age group?
be wrong
with this 0-18 18-30 30-45 45+ 
question?

Options 
should be
mutually
exclusive.
 Common mistakes
What might
What did you think about the
be wrong
waiting time?
with this
question? Excellent Very Good Averag Poo
good e r

Options
should be ‘Good’ responses ‘Bad’
response
balanced
 Common mistakes
What might
How would you rate the
be wrong
appointment booking service
with this
using the:
question?
Good Average Poor N/A
Website
Use opt-out Phone
responses Reception

appropriately
Demographics
 Need to know how opinions and behaviors vary
across different categories of people
 Such things as
– Gender, age,
– Income, education levels
– Political beliefs

 Put at end of instrument

– Easy to answer
Types of questionnaire
Self-Completed
 Respondents complete on their own
 Best designed for
– Measuring variables with numerous values or
response categories
– Investigating attitudes and opinions not usually
observable
– Describing characteristics of a large population
– Studying ‘private’ or ‘difficult’ behaviors
Self-Completed
 Closed-ended items limit the researcher
– Adjust for differences in respondents
– Clarify misunderstood items
– Explain ambiguity

 Not suitable for all audiences

– Young children
– Visually impaired
– Learning/reading disabilities
How To Obtain Valid Information

 Ask purposeful questions

 Ask concrete questions
 Use time periods based on importance of the
questions
 Use conventional language
 Use complete sentences
 Use shorter questions
How To Obtain Valid Information

 Avoid abbreviations
 Avoid two-edged questions
 Avoid negative questions
 Adopt/adapt questions used successfully in
other questionnaires
Words to Avoid in Questionnaire Development

 These words: all, any, anybody, best, ever, every,

never, etc. are all EXTREME ABSOLUTES…
 They place respondents in a situation where they must
either fully agree or they must completely disagree with
the extreme position in the question.
– Do you always observe traffic signs?
– Would you say all cats have four legs?
Computer Assisted and Web-Based
 Way to create and administer self-administered
questionnaires

 Marketing researchers find response rates

increase
– This is not across the board

 Questionnaires (especially short ones) can be

sent via email
– Or provide internet link to site which hosts survey
 Maybe less time and costs
 Access is a huge issue
Interviews
 Reading questionnaire items in a face-to-face
or telephone situation
 Unstructured or in-depth
– Suited for exploratory research
– Either with one person or in focus groups
– Open-ended items
– Cannot standardize
– Good for complex situations
Interviews

 Response rates tend to be highest with face-to-

face interviews

 Issues
– More time
– Smaller samples
– Higher cost
Telephone
 Most popular
– Less costly
– Less time
– Less subjective to interviewer
 As compared to face-to-face

 Often conducted with computers

 Can probe for information/clarification

 Threshold about 20 minutes

Constructions
 Regardless of survey type, construct in a way
– Allows for candid answers
– Accurately
– Consistently
– Addresses goals, hypotheses, research
questions
Instructions
 Beginning of each section, should include clear
instructions

 Disclose needed information for respondents to decide

whether to complete the survey

 Tell whether
– Anonymous: no names or IDs
– Confidential: names or IDs, not attached responses
Instructions

 Give an information about questionnaire time

 Be consistent with instructions and format
– A little variation might break up ‘routine’

 Avoid ambiguity, confusion, and vagueness.

– Make sure it is absolutely clear what you are asking and
how you want it answered.
– Avoid indefinite words or response categories.
Instructions

 Avoid asking questions beyond a respondent's

capabilities
– People have cognitive limitations, especially when it
comes to memory of past events.

– It is pointless to ask people about things that are not

natural ways for them to think.
Online Surveying Platforms

 docs.google.com/forms

 freeonlinesurveys.com

 tr.surveymonkey.com
Gathering Information from Survey
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
1. Open-ended questions
These types of questions do not have predetermined
options or answers. The respondents are allowed to
answer the questions freely. Responses must be
recorded verbatim-especially because coding and
analysis will rely on the subject’s exact responses. Open-
ended questions of ten need probing or follow-up
questions to clarify certain items in the subject’s
response. These question typically ask the “how” and
“why” of something.
Example: Why did you choose to vote for candidate X?
Kindly explain.
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
2. Dichotomous Questions

Dichotomous questions have two possible

answers, often either yes/no, true/false, or agree/
disagree. These questions are used when the researcher
wants to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion,
preference, experience or behavior.

Example: HIV/AIDS is transmitted through saliva:

True False
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
3. Multiple–response questions
There are certain questions that necessitate the respondents
to provide more than one answer. For example, a typical advertising
survey would ask the question, “How did you find about the particular
service or item”? A respondent may have encountered more than
one of the probable ways.
Example: How were you able to know about the graduate program of
Development Policy offered in De La Salle University? Check all that
applies.
Print Advertisement DSLU Website
By word of mouth (friends, families, etc.) Telephone inquiry
DSLU Social Networking Physical appearance
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
4. Matrix questions
There are instances where a number of questions you intend to ask
have the same set of possible answers. Thus, it is possible to construct a
matrix of items and answers for the sake of streamlining the survey.
Example: Qualities of a Good Leader Beside each of the qualities of a good
leader, kindly indicate how well the person in inquiry manifests the said
quality with 1 being the lowest and 5 as the highest.
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
4. Matrix questions
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo
et. al., 2017, 119-121)
Quiz : Test 1

1. A type of survey in which it is administered

without the actual presence of the researcher
and the respondents are expected to accomplish
the survey independently.
2. This popular tool requires an easy- administering
of the survey where survey questionnaires are
mailed to individuals who are given enough time
to read and ponder on the information asked.
Quiz

3. These are important documents which are more

likely needed for business, scientific and technical
subjects, and in the workplace.
4. The objective of this report is to describe and
analyze a systematic observation.
5. It is a data gathering tool composed of a set of
questions used in a survey and is utilized in various
fields such as politics, research, marketing, media and
so on.
Quiz

6. This is a process/approach of conducting the

survey that involves the researcher.
7. The survey is done using telephone or cellular
phones. The calls are made to ask individuals
about certain questions.
8. These types of questions do not have
predetermined options or answers.
Quiz

9. What type of test or question is this: HIV/AIDS is

transmitted through saliva: True / False
10. This is a type of question that ask for agreement and
disagreement of the respondent from scale of 1 to 5.
11. This type of question requires the respondents to
response more than one answer.
12-13. Give the at least 2 disadvantages of self-
completed or self-administered survey
Quiz

14-15. Give at least 2 types of self-administered survey.

Test II. Create a question using the following types.
a.open-ended
b.Dichotomous
c.Multiple response
d.Matrix question
e.Contingency question
Disseminating Information From
Surveys
Individual Work: Choose from the
following topics.

1. ROTC Mandatory in Senior High

School
2. Best Filipino Dish
3. Reasons of Break-up among teenagers
4. Interesting Courses in College
5. Common Skills among Gen Z
Administer the survey!

Choose 5
respondents from
the class.
Tally your survey!
PRAYER
Objectives of the lesson

MELC: The learners disseminate written

forms of information from surveys or
observations*. (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-
10 )
a. Identify the different ways in
displaying/disseminating data
b. Create graphs employing the data provided
through survey
c. Appreciate the importance of disseminating
data in academic as well as in future work.
Let’s Recapitulate!!!
Watch the
clip!
What is the video about?
Disseminating Information From
Surveys
Dissemination

- refers to “a planned process that involves

consideration of target audiences and the settings
in which research findings are to be received and,
where appropriate, communicating and interacting
with wider policy and…service audiences in ways
that will facilitate research uptake in decision-
making processes and practice” (Wilson, Petticrew,
Calnan, & Natareth, 2010, p. 91).
Note:

Dissemination of research findings involves

careful planning, thought, consideration of target
audiences, and communication with those
audiences. 
Graph

 is a diagram (such as a series of one or more

points, lines, line segments, curves, or areas)
that represents the variation of a variable in
comparison with that of one or more other
variables.
Pictograph
Bar Graph

One of the most

common way in
displaying data is
the bar graph or
frequency diagram.
Uses of Bar Graph

• display data that are grouped

into nominal or ordinal categories
• Compare data among different
categories.
• show large data changes over time.
 Line Graph

A line chart graphically

displays data that
changes continuously
over time. Each line
graph consists of points
that connect data to show
a trend (continuous
change). 
 Pie Chart

 It displays data and

statistics in an easy-to-
understand ‘pie-slice’
format and illustrates
numerical proportion.
 The pie chart breaks
down a group into
smaller pieces. It shows
part-whole relationships.
Tables
 Tables are commonly used in collecting and organizing
raw data during an experiment and for representing final
data to be included in a paper or report.

Heramia, R & Ayo, M. (2017). Mental ability, career interest and academic performance: basis for career
placement program among shs learners. International Conference of Basic Education Researchers Journal.
Tables
 The representation of data in a table is formally referred to as “tabular presentation.”
 It allows the data to be organized for further analysis, allows large amounts of raw data to be sorted and
reorganized in a neat format, and allows the inclusion of only the most important or relevant data.
 It also facilitates a dialogue between the text and the exact numbers in your results, so that you don't have to
describe all the specific numerical values in your report
Table

Heramia, R & Ayo, M. (2017). Mental ability, career interest and academic performance: basis for career
placement program among shs learners. International Conference of Basic Education Researchers Journal.
Activity

Direction: Create a graph/chart/table using the data

below. Choose any of the discussed data representation.
You will be given 3 minutes to complete the task. Follow
the rubrics in making the activity.
Getting Deeper

 Have you discovered anything from the lesson

and activity?
 Is disseminating information can be used in
various disciplines and field? Why?
 Quiz

1. What is a data representation that organized for

further analysis, allows large amounts of raw data to
be sorted and reorganized in a neat format?
2. What is a chart that breaks down a group into
smaller pieces. It shows part-whole relationships.
3. What do you call a diagram (such as a series of one
or more points, lines, line segments, curves, or areas)
that represents the variation of a variable in
comparison with that of one or more other variables.
 Quiz

4. What is a chart or diagram that uses pictures to

represent data?
5. What chart or diagram that shows trend and
makes predictions in presenting the data?