Reading and Writing

Topic: Text as a Connected Discourse

Contents
01 02 03
Introduction Connected Text
Discourse
04 05 06
Reading Writing Types of Reading
 Reading and Writing Skills

Reading and writing are both important; you

can’t have one without the other.

Reading and writing in general only helps

absorb information, and enhance leisure or
school related writing tasks. It has also made
life itself so much easier because reading and
writing are so beneficial for school and for life.
How much you read and write today, will
somehow affect your future job, family,
position, or even your salary.
What is a Text?
A text can be defined as an object that can be read, whether it is a
work of literature, a lesson written on the blackboard, or a street
sign. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of
informative message.
What is a Text?
- In literary studies, text usually refers to the
written material. We use the term text when
we are discussing novels, short stories, and
dramas. Even the content of a letter, bill,
poster or similar entities that contain written
material can be called a text.
What is Discourse?

The term discourse has many meanings and definitions.

Discourse was first interpreted as dialogue – an interaction
between a speaker and a listener. Thus, discourse referred to
authentic daily communications, mainly oral, included in the
wide communicative context.
 What is the difference between a Text and a
Discourse?
TEXT
It is made up of sentences
A text is made up of sentences
having the property of
grammatical cohesion
TEXT is defined in terms of its
being a physical product.
Meaning is not found in text
DISCOURSE
It is the use of such sentences.
A discourse is made up of
utterances having the property of
coherence.
DISCOURSE is viewed as a
process. Meaning is derived
through the reader’s interaction
with the text.
What makes a Text a Connected Discourse?

Text becomes A connected

discourse when WE READ
AND WRITE!
What is Reading?
Key concept Reading is the third of the four
language skills, which are:

Listening, Speaking, Reading,

and Writing.
What is Reading?
Key concept

READING is a cognitive process of

decoding symbols to derive meaning from a
text. It is always an interaction between the
text and the reader. We read to gain and
share information and ideas, whether for
academic, personal, or professional
purposes.
What is Reading?
Key concept

Reading can be silent (in our head)

or oral/aloud (so that other people
can hear).
 Why is reading important?

1. Reading is fundamental to functioning in 4. It is how we discover new things.

today's society. 5. Reading develops the imagination.
2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. 6. Reading develops the creative side of people
3. it develops the mind. 7. Reading is fundamental in developing a good
self-image.
Why is reading important?

8. Good reading skills, especially in

a phonics reading program, improve
spelling.

9. Reading is important because words -

spoken and written - are the building
blocks of life.
Types of
Reading
1. Scanning

- This is looking over a text quickly to get a

specific piece of information.
2. Skimming
- Looking over the text quickly to get a general idea of the
content. Your eyesmove quite fast, taking in titles of
chapters, their beginnings and ends, and thefirst sentences
of paragraphs.
3. Sub-vocalization

- This is reading very slowly and methodically, either

saying the words out loud or at least with a ‘voice’ in your
head. It is painstaking but very slow. We tend to use it
when trying out a recipe for the first time, or carrying out
instructions as to how to assemble something we’ve
bought.
4. Light Reading
This is reading fairly quickly without concentrating too
hard or worrying about every single word. We often use it
when reading an enjoyable novel.
5. Study Reading

Study reading involves thinking about what is being read

so that it is understood and can be recalled. It needs to be
worked at, with time for reflection, thought, analysis,
criticism, comparison, notes made, points highlighted and
emphasized, arguments followed and evaluated, the whole
summarized.
 What is Writing?
Key concept

"Writing" is the process of using symbols

(letters of the alphabet, punctuation and
spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas
in a readable form.
 What is Writing?
Key concept

Generally, we write using a pen/pencil

(handwriting) or a keyboard (typing).
 What is Writing?
Key concept

A writer may write for personal

enjoyment or use, or for an audience of
one person or more. The audience may
be known (targeted) or unknown.
 What is Writing?
Key concept

A writer may write for personal

enjoyment or use, or for an audience of
one person or more. The audience may
be known (targeted) or unknown.
 Examples
02 03

Blogging A letter to a 04
01 As with
publicly is an friend is an
Taking notes for example of example of speaking, it is
study purposes is writing for an writing for a important to
an example of unknown targeted consider your
writing for one's audience. audience. audience when
self. writing. There
are many
different styles
of writing, from
informal to
formal.
 Why is writing important?
• Writing is the primary basis upon which your
work, your learning, and your intellect will be
judged—in college, in the workplace, and in
the community.
• Writing expresses who you are as a person.
• Writing is portable and permanent. It makes your
thinking visible.
• Writing helps you move easily among facts,
inferences, and opinions without getting
confused—and without confusing your reader.
 Why is writing important?

• Writing promotes your ability to pose

• Writing helps others give you feedback.
worthwhile questions.

• Writing fosters your ability to explain a • Writing helps you refine your ideas when you
complex position to readers, and to yourself. give others feedback.
 Why is writing important?

• Writing requires that you anticipate your

• Writing out your ideas permits you to evaluate
readers’ needs. Your ability to do so
demonstrates your intellectual flexibility and the adequacy of your argument.
maturity.
• Writing stimulates you to extend a line of thought
• Writing ideas down preserves them so that you beyond your first impressions or gut responses.
can reflect upon them later.
 Why is writing important?

• Writing equips you with the communication

• Writing is an essential job skill.
and thinking skills you need to participate
effectively in democracy.