Diabetes mellitus

What is Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the
body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of
energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also
the brain's main source of fuel. The main cause of diabetes varies
by type.
 Types of Diabetes

There are three main types of diabetes:

- type 1
- type 2
- gestational diabetes (diabetes while
pregnant).
 Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D)

is an autoimmune disease
that leads to the destruction
of insulin-producing
pancreatic beta cells
 Type 2 Diabetes
It is the most common form of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition that happens because
of a problem in the way the body regulates and uses
sugar as a fuel.
 Gestational Diabetes
It is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, is caused by
the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with genetic and lifestyle
factors.

Insulin resistance
Hormones produced by the placenta NIH
external link contribute to insulin resistance,
which occurs in all women during late pregnancy.
 Tests for Diabetes

1-Fasting Blood Sugar Test (Fasting Plasma Glucose,

FPG):
-(typically 8 hours).
-A fasting blood sugar level of 126 (mg/dL) or higher
indicates diabetes.

2- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):

-A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher two
hours after drinking the solution indicates diabetes.

3- Hemoglobin A1c Test (HbA1c):

-An HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher is often used to
diagnose diabetes.
 Tests for Diabetes

4-Random Blood Sugar Test:

-A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or
higher, along with symptoms of
diabetes, may indicate diabetes.

5- Glucose Tolerance Test During

Pregnancy:
-It is similar to the OGTT but may
have different diagnostic criteria.
 Tests for Diabetes

6-Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

7-Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

(SMBG):
-using a glucometer.

8- C-peptide Test:
-This test measures the level of C-peptide,
which is produced at the same time as
insulin...
 Tests for Diabetes

9- Insulin and Proinsulin Test:

-These tests measure insulin and proinsulin levels in
the blood

10-Urine Tests:
⁃ Urine tests may be used to check for ketones,
which can indicate poorly controlled diabetes.
 Management of Diabetes

People with type 1 diabetes require multiple insulin injections each day to
maintain safe insulin levels. Insulin is often required to treat type 2 diabetes
too

There are four major types of insulin:

Rapid-acting
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
 Management of Diabetes

Oral diabetes medications are sometimes taken in combination with

insulin such as :
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors include:
Acarbose
Miglitol
Biguanides
Metformin
 Dental Aspect

What are the most common mouth problem from diabetes?

. Gum disease
. Gingivitis
. Periodontites