DIGITAL MODULATION

ENGR. MICKO N. LANELUZ

E l e c t ro n i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n s i s t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n , r e c e p t i o n ,
and processing of information with the use of electronic
circuits.

Information is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is

communicated (i.e., transmitted or received) between two or
more points.

Digital modulation is sometimes called digital radio

because digitally modulated signals can be propagated
through E a r t h ’s atmosphere and used in wireless
communications systems. 2
APPLICATIONS
1. L O W S P E E D V O I C E B A N D D ATA C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
MODEM

2. HIGH SPEED D ATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

( D I G I TA L S U B S C R I B E R L I N E S )

3. D I G I TA L M I C R O WAV E AND S AT E L L I T E
C O M M U N I C AT I O N

4. P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N S S Y S T E M
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DIGITAL MODULATION: VARYING THE
PROPERTIES OF A SIGNAL

ASK (amplitude shift keying) – varying carrier in

proportional to the voltage of the signal.

FSK (frequency shift keying) – varying carrier in

proportional to the frequency of the signal.

PSK (amplitude shift keying) – varying carrier in

proportional to the phase of the signal.
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DIGITAL MODULATION: VARYING THE
PROPERTIES OF A SIGNAL

QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) – varying carrier in

proportional to the voltage and phase of a signal.

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DIGITAL MODULATION: VARYING THE
PROPERTIES OF A SIGNAL

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DIGITAL RADIO
SYSTEM

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DIGITAL MODULATION: VARYING THE
PROPERTIES OF A SIGNAL
PRECODER: performs level conversion and then encodes
the incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an
a n a l o g c a r r i e r.

M O D U L ATO R : s u p e r i m p o s e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s i g n a l w i t h t h e
carrier frequency

BPF (Band Pass Filter): Filters the modulated signal. It

a l l o w s o n l y a c e r t a i n c u t o ff f o r h i g h a n d l o w f r e q u e n c y.
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DIGITAL MODULATION: VARYING THE
PROPERTIES OF A SIGNAL
POWER AMPLIFIER: Amplifies the filtered and modulated signal to
be suitable for transmission.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA: mediums such as coax cable, optical fiber

cable or free space.

NOISE: any unwanted interference that affects the signal.

C L O C K A N D C A R R I E R R E C O V E RY C I R C U I T S : r e c o v e r t h e a n a l o g
carrier and digital timing (clock) signals from the incoming
modulated wave since they are necessary to perform the
demodulation process. 9
BANDWIDTH AND SPEED
A computer network's capacity to transfer data between devices
o r o v e r t h e i n t e r n e t i n a s p e c i f i c a m o u n t o f t i m e . P u t s i m p l y,
bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across any
given path.

Speed is measured by the total amount of data you can

download or upload in one second. Bandwidth is measured
by the total amount of data you're allowed to download or
upload in one second.
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INFORMATION THEORY
a h i g h l y t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d y o f t h e e ff i c i e n t u s e o f b a n d w i d t h t o
propagate information through electronic communications
systems.

I N F O R M AT I O N C A PA C I T Y: is a measure of how much

information can be propagated through a communications
system and is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.

B I T R AT E : i s s i m p l y t h e n u m b e r o f b i t s t r a n s m i t t e d d u r i n g o n e
second and is expressed in bits per second (bps).
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INFORMATION THEORY

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SHANNON LIMIT OF INFORMATION
THEORY

Relates information capacity of a communications channel to bandwidth

and signal-to-noise ratio.

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Example 1:

For a standard telephone circuit with a signal-to-noise power

ratio of 1000 (30 dB) and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, the Shannon
limit for information capacity is?

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M-ARY ENCODING:
i s a t e r m d e r i v e d f r o m t h e w o r d b i n a r y. M s i m p l y r e p r e s e n t s a
digit that corresponds to the number of conditions, levels, or
combinations possible for a given number of binary variables. It
is often advantageous to encode at a level higher than binary
( s o m e t i m e s r e f e r r e d t o a s b e y o n d b i n a r y o r h i g h e r- t h a n - b i n a r y
encoding) where there are more than two conditions possible.

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M-ARY ENCODING:

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BAUD AND MINIMUM BANDWIDTH
B a u d , l i k e b i t r a t e , i s a l s o a r a t e o f c h a n g e ; h o w e v e r, b a u d
refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have occurred.
Hence, baud is a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate,
or symbol rate and, therefore, the terms symbols per second
a n d b a u d a r e o f t e n u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y.

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BAUD AND MINIMUM BANDWIDTH

A signaling element is sometimes called a symbol and could

be encoded as a change in the amplitude, frequency, or
phase.

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MINIMUM BANDWIDTH
minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate a
signal is called the minimum Nyquist bandwidth or
s o m e t i m e s t h e m i n i m u m N y q u i s t f r e q u e n c y.

The actual bandwidth necessary to propagate a given bit rate

depends on several factors, including the type of encoding
and modulation used, the types of filters used, system noise,
and desired error performance.

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MINIMUM BANDWIDTH

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BAUD RATE

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AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
The simplest digital modulation technique is amplitude-shift keying
(ASK), where a binary information signal directly modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier. ASK is similar to standard amplitude
modulation except there are only two output amplitudes possible.
Amplitude-shift keying is sometimes called digital amplitude modulation
(DAM).

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Example 2:

Determine the minimum bandwidth and the baud rate of the

ASK.

The use of amplitude-modulated analog carriers to transport

digital information is a relatively low-quality, low-cost type of
digital modulation and, therefore, is seldom used except for very
lowspeed telemetry circuits.

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Example 3:

Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass

a 10 kbps binary signal using amplitude shift keying.

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FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is another relatively simple, low-
performance type of digital modulation. FSK is a form of constant-
amplitude angle modulation similar to standard frequency modulation
(FM) except the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between
two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog
waveform. Consequently, FSK is sometimes called binary FSK (BFSK).

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FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Mark Frequency – frequency used for logic 1
Space Frequency – frequency used for logic 0

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BANDWIDTH AND BAUD RATE

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Example 4:

Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) minimum

bandwidth, and (c) baud for a binary FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 49 kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an
input bit rate of 2 kbps.

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Example 5:

Determine the bandwidth and baud for an FSK signal with a

mark frequency of 32 kHz, a space frequency of 24 kHz, and a
bit rate of 4 kbps.

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Example 6:

Determine the maximum bit rate for an FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 102 kHz, a space frequency of 104 kHz, and an
available bandwidth of 8 kHz.

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CONTINOUS PHASE FREQUENCY
SHIFT KEYING
1. Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CP-FSK) is binary FSK
except the mark and space frequencies are synchronized with the input
binary bit rate.
2. Synchronous simply implies that there is a precise time relationship
between the two; it does not mean they are equal.
3. With CP-FSK, the mark and space frequencies are selected such that
they are separated from the center frequency by an exact multiple of
one-half the bit rate (fm and fs= n[fb /2]), where n any integer).
4. This ensures a smooth phase transition in the analog output signal
when it changes from a mark to a space frequency or vice versa.

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CONTINOUS PHASE FREQUENCY
SHIFT KEYING

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PHASE SHIFT KEYING

1. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is another form of angle-modulated, constant-

amplitude digital modulation.
2. PSK is an M-ary digital modulation scheme similar to conventional
phase modulation except with PSK the input is a binary digital signal and
there are a limited number of output phases possible.
3. The input binary information is encoded into groups of bits before
modulating the carrier.
4. The number of bits in a group ranges from 1 to 12 or more.

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BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING

1. The simplest form of PSK is binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), where

N = 1 and M = 2.

2. Two phases (21=2) are possible for the carrier. One phase represents a
logic 1, and the other phase represents a logic 0. As the input digital signal
changes state (i.e., from a 1 to a 0 or from a 0 to a 1), the phase of the
output carrier shifts between two angles that are separated by 180°.

3. Other names for BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) and bi phase
modulation. BPSK is a form of square-wave modulation of a continuous
wave (CW) signal.
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BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
OUTPUT

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BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
BANDWIDTH

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BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
APPLICATIONS
1. WIRELESS LANS
2. BIOMETRICS
3. CONTACTLESS OPERATION
4. RFID
5. BLUETOOTH

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CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM

A constellation diagram, which is sometimes called a signal state-space

diagram, is similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire phasor is not
drawn. In a constellation diagram, only the relative positions of the peaks
of the phasors are shown.

BANDWIDTH OF BPSK:

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CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM OF BPSK

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Example 5:
For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input
bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum upper and
lower side frequencies, draw the output spectrum, determine the
minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud.

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QUARTERNARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING

1. Quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), or quadrature PSK as it is

sometimes called, is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude
digital modulation. QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme where N 2 and M
4 (hence, the name “quaternary” meaning “4”).

2. With QPSK, four output phases are possible for a single carrier
frequency. Because there are four output phases, there must be four
different input conditions.

3. In the modulator, each di-bit code generates one of the four possible
output phases (+45°, +135°, -45°, and -135°).
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QUARTERNARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
APPLICATIONS

1. Satellite transmission of MPEG2 video - MPEG-2 is widely used as the

format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial
(over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems.
2. Cable modems (DEVICE THAT CONNECTS A USER TO AN ISP)
3. Videoconferencing (ZOOM, GMEET, SKYPE)
4. Cellular phone systems

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Example 7:
Determine the minimum bandwidth and baud for a BPSK modulator
with a carrier frequency of 40 MHz and an input bit rate of 500 kbps.
Sketch the output spectrum.

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Example 8:
For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb) equal to 10 Mbps and
a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double-sided
Nyquist bandwidth (fn) and the baud. Also, compare the results with
those achieved with the BPSK modulator.

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Example 9:
For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 17, construct the truth table,
phasor diagram, constellation diagram and output signal.

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KEY TERMS:
1. REFERENCE CARRIER OSCILLATOR – Provides carrier signal for
modulation.
2. BALANCED MODULATOR - The balanced modulators are used to
suppress the unwanted carrier in a signal. Superimpose the digital
signal to the carrier.
3. LINEAR SUMMER – Add two or more signals.

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Example 10: QPSK RECEIVER

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KEY TERMS:
1. CARIER RECOVERY – Reproduce the original carrier signal.
2. PRODUCT DETECTOR – Demodulates the QPSK signal.
3. LPF – Blocks high frequency signals.
4. POWER SPLITTER – Splits the QPSK signal in 2 paths.

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