“DEVICES FOR AIR POLLUTION Presented by;

 Tayyaba Jamal
M O N I TO R I N G ”
(INDOOR & OUTDOOR SOLUTIONS)  Areeba Jalil
 Yusma Waseem
15, OCTOBER,
 Rija Shahid
2023
S U N D AY.  Muhammad Muneez
 “AIR POLLUTION”

Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by

any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere.

WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe
air that exceeds WHO guidelines limit and contains high levels
of pollutants causing 7 million premature deaths yearly.

Exposure to these pollutants resulted in diseases such as stroke, heart

disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections.
“INDOOR AIR QUALITY
(IAQ)”
According to the EPA’s definition, IAQ is the air quality within
and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the
health and comfort of building occupants.

The problem of exposure to indoor air pollution has become more

apparent in recent years, as people spend more than 80% of the
time indoors.

More than 5 million people die every year prematurely from

illnesses attributable to poor indoor air quality.
https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_air_lesson09
“OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY”
Outdoor air pollution refers to the contamination of the Earth's
atmosphere by harmful substances generated from various sources
outdoors.

It poses significant health risks to humans, causing respiratory diseases

and cardiovascular problems, and negatively affects ecosystems and
climate.

Outdoor air pollution is often referred to as an "invisible killer"

because many of its harmful components, such as fine particulate matter
and toxic gases, are invisible to the naked eye.
https://shan.org.in/air-pollution.html
 “IMPORTANCE OF AIR QUALITY
MONITORING”

Air quality monitoring is essential for safeguarding public

health, as it allows us to detect and address harmful pollutants in
the atmosphere. By continuously assessing air quality, we can
identify pollution sources, mitigate health risks, and implement
effective pollution control measures, ensuring cleaner and safer
living environments.
 “AIR QUALITY MONITORS”

 Direct-reading air quality monitors provide information at the

time of sampling, enabling rapid decision-making.

 These monitors provide the trained and experienced user the

capability to determine if site personnel are exposed to airborne
concentrations which exceed instantaneous exposure limits for
specific hazardous air contaminants.
 Some air quality monitors are;

1. Photoionization Detectors (PIDs)

2. Particulate Monitors

3. Air Velocity and Indoor Air Quality Meters

4. High Vacuum Air Samplers

5. Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

6. Mercury Vapor Indicator (MVI)

7. Multi-gas hand-held Monitors

 “PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTORS (PIDS)”
 DEFINITION

 PIDs are the most frequently used on-site detection instruments for volatiles at the
parts-per-million (ppm) level. Since many environmental sites are of concern due to
volatiles from petroleum products or chemical usage, the PID is a necessity for
providing instrumentation that will work effectively on-site.

 MECHANISM
 PIDs use a fan or a pump to draw air into the instrument's detector
 A high energy ultraviolet (UV) light source ionize the chemicals in the airstream
 The charged molecules are collected on a charged surface, which generates current
that is directly proportional to the concentration of the chemical in the air being
sampled
 The ionization potential (IP) describes the amount of energy needed to induce
ionization in a particular chemical.
 APPLICATIONS
 Site characterization
 Exposure monitoring
 Soil and water sample screening
 Soil gas monitoring
 PRICE RANGE:
 The price of PIDs ranges from $3,110 - $3,718.
 AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN:
 It is unavailable in Pakistan, but can be purchased online through
international websites.
 FEATURES:
 Its photoionization detector’s (PID) extended range of 0 to 15,000 ppm
makes it an ideal instrument for applications from industrial hygiene.
“Photoionization
Detector”

https://www.geotechenv.com/photoionization_detectors.html
 “PARTICULATE MONITORS”

 DEFINITION
Particulate monitors also known as nephelometers are used to monitor
particulate matter present in the air.
 MECHANISM
 Aerosol photometers operate by detecting scattered light.
 The amount of light reaching the detector is proportional to the number of
particles passing through the detection chamber.
 APPLICATION
 Used for monitoring the respirable fraction of dust.
 PRICE RANGE
 The price of particulate monitors ranges between 15000 – 38000 PKR.
 AVAILABILITY
 It is available in Pakistan.
 FEATURES
 Small enough to use for personal exposure monitoring.
 Results are reported in μg/m3 or mg/m3.
 It has measurement range from 0.001 to 400 mg/m3 (auto-ranging).
“PARTICULATE
MONITORS”

https://www.geotechenv.com/particulate_monitors.html
 “AIR VELOCITY AND INDOOR AIR
QUALITY METERS”
 DEFINITION
 Velocity meters also known as hotwire anemometers are handheld
devices with an extendable wand probe used to measure air speed
(velocity). Professionals find them the ideal tool for face velocity
measurements in fume hoods, spray booths, or for IAQ and ventilation
system checks.
 WORKING
 These instruments are available with or without a differential pressure
sensor and are designed to work with a wide range of plug-in probes.
 The probes allow users to make various measurements by simply
plugging in a different probe that has the features and functions best suited
for a particular application.
 APPLICATION
They can be used to monitor the effectiveness of ventilation systems and local
exhaust systems.
 PRICE RANGE
 The price of this device ranges between 14,000 – 78,000 PKR.
 AVAILABILITY
 This instrument/device is available in Pakistan.
 FEATURES
 Air velocity meters measure velocity, temperature and calculate flow.
 Data logging and other measurements can be added.
“INDOOR VELOCITY AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY
METERS”

https://www.geotechenv.com/air_velocity_vent_monitors.html
 “HIGH VACUUM AIR SAMPLERS”

 DEFINITION
 Air collection equipment used to collect samples of environmental soil
vapours, indoor and outdoor ambient air, and ambient VOC's using a
vacuum pump to fill sample bags with the collected air samples.
 MECHANISM
 High vacuum samplers offer oil-less operation to ensure the discharge
air remains free of contamination from lubricants. They produce minimal
noise or vibrations, which makes them well suited for noise sensitive
environments. In addition, these compact units offer high flow, pulse
free air, making them ideal for applications requiring consistent air
vacuum and flow.
 APPLICATIONS
 Air Sampling and Monitoring
 Sewage Aeration
 Soil and Groundwater Remediation
 Tank Aeration
 PRICE RANGE
 The price of air samplers in Pakistan is 4,50,000 PKR.
 AVAILABILITY
 These samplers are available in Pakistan but are very costly.
 FEATURES
 The multiple advantages are: relatively high airflow rates at low pressure drop,
high particles storage capacity, and low moisture regain.
https://www.geotechenv.com/Manuals/Geotech_High_Vacuum_Sampler.pdf
 “FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
(FID)”
 DEFINITION
 A flame ionization detector is a scientific instrument that measures analytes in a
gas stream. It is frequently used as a detector in gas chromatography. The
measurement of ion per unit time make this a mass sensitive instrument.
 PRINCIPLE
 These units use a flame to ionize airborne contaminants. Once they are ionized,
they can be detected and measured. FIDs use a hydrogen flame as the means to
ionize organic vapours. FIDs respond to virtually all organic compounds; that is,
compounds that contain carbon hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. FIDs will not
respond to inorganic compounds. Inside the detector chamber, the sample is
exposed to a hydrogen flame which ionizes the organic vapours.
 APPLICATIONS
 Used in landfill gas monitoring,
 Fugitive emissions monitoring,
 Internal combustion engine emissions measurement.
 AVAILABILITY
 Flame ionization detector is available in Pakistan.
 PRICE RANGE
 The price of flame ionization detector in Pakistan ranges from 32,000 –
35,000 PKR.
 FEATURES
 Universal response to near all organic compounds,
 Low limits of detection (LoDs),
 High acquisition frequency,
 Wide linearity range,
 Limited internal volume,
 Reduced maintenance necessities.
 “FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR”

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-drawing-of-an-FID_fig1_330600151
 “MERCURY VAPOR INDICATOR
(MVI)”

 DEFINITION
 A mercury vapour analyzer (also known as Hg analyzer) detects trace levels
of Hg at concentrations as low as .01 parts-per-trillion, through heat-
vaporization, cold vaporization, or reducing vaporization. Detection is carried
out through atomic absorption or fluorescence spectroscopy.
 PRINCIPLE
 The released gases are taken out of the combustion chamber and passed over
a gold amalgamation trap to separate the atomic mercury. The trap is flooded
with oxygen to eliminate other decomposition products. The amalgamation
cell is heated to release the mercury, which is measured by atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
 APPLICATIONS
 Mercury surveys, spill response, and industrial hygiene,
 Landfill monitoring,
 Indoor/outdoor air quality testing and mercury exclusion tests.
 AVAILABILITY
 Mercury vapor indicators are not available in Pakistan but anyone can purchase it
online through various international websites.
 PRICE
 Its price ranges from $10,907 – $14,016
 FEATURES
 Large Digital Display and Continuous Readings,
 One-Hand Operation,
 Audible Alarm Warns of High Mercury Level
 Highly accurate measurement and instantaneous reaction to mercury.
 “MERCURY VAPOUR
INDICATOR”

https://viscotechllp.com/product/gold-film-
mercury-vapor-analyzer/

https://www.gasmet.com/blog/what-is-cvaf-and-why-to-choose-it-for-
mercury-monitoring/
 “MULTI-GAS HAND-HELD
MONITORS”
 DEFINITION
 Multi-gas monitors is an instrument for air quality measurement having
separate sensors for oxygen, combustible atmosphere, and up to three toxic
gases in the same handheld monitor.
 PRINCIPLE
 These monitors may operate in passive mode, or in active mode, in which a
pump module draws air across the sensors. Active mode speeds the response
time on the meter, but care must be taken to avoid drawing particulates into the
monitor. Active mode is used for remote sampling of a hazardous atmosphere.
 APPLICATION
 Used for the detection of flammable gases, oxygen depletion and an extensive
range of toxic gases meeting the safety monitoring requirements of a broad
range of different industries.
 AVAILABILITY
 Available in Pakistan on various websites.
 PRICE RANGE
 Price of multi-gas monitors ranges from 35,000 – 1,60,000 PKR.
 FEATURES
 Multi-gas monitors typically feature data logging capability,
 Audible and/or visual alarms that warn of time-weighted average
toxic gas concentrations, low oxygen levels, LEL conditions, or
malfunction.
“MULTI-GAS HAND-HELD
MONITORS”

https://www.bw-gasmonitors.com/xxyy-mc2.html
“DEVICES TO IMPROVE INDOOR AND
OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY”

 Certain devices play a crucial role in improving both indoor and

outdoor air quality. In this presentation, we will explore two such
devices that help mitigate air pollution in both environments while
maintaining air quality. They are;
1. Air purifiers (for indoor environment)
2. Scrubbers (for outdoor environment)
 “AIR PURIFIERS”

Air purifiers are appliances or devices designed to improve indoor air

quality by removing or reducing contaminants such as dust, pollen, pet
dander, smoke, and various airborne particles. They work to create a
healthier and more comfortable living or working environment by
purifying the air.
 Mechanical Filters (like HEPA filter) are fitted in the purifiers. Type of
filter can vary depending on the type of purifier.
 HEPA is a type of pleated mechanical air filter. It is an acronym for
“High Efficiency Particulate Air” filter. (officially defined by the U.S.
Dept. of Energy. This type of air filter can theoretically remove at least
99.7% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria, and any airborne particles with a
size of 0.3 microns.
 “MECHANISM OF AIR PURIFIERS”

 Purifiers draw air from the surrounding environment with the help of
fan/blower inside it.
 The drawn-in air then passes through one or more filters depending upon
the type of purifier.
Some common filtration methods are;
 HEPA filters, which traps particles like dust, pollen, and pet dander.
 Activated carbon filters, remove odors, gases, and volatile organic
compounds by adsorption.
 UV-C germicidal lamps, to neutralize or kill microbes.
 As air passes through the filters contaminants are captured or neutralized.
 The purified air is then released back to the indoor environment
 https://sg.sharp/how-do-air-purifiers-work

https://learnmetrics.com/air-purifiers-essential-guide/

“AIR PURIFIERS”
 “SCRUBBERS”

Scrubbers are a type of system that is used to remove harmful materials from
industrial exhaust gases before they are released into the environment. These
pollutants are generally gaseous, and when scrubbers are used to specifically
remove SOx it is referred to as flue gas desulfurization.
By removing acidic gases from the exhaust before it is released into the sky,
scrubbers help prevent the formation of acid rain.
• There are two main types of scrubbers;
1. Wet scrubbers
2. Dry scrubbers.
The main difference in the above two is the type of material used to remove
the gases.
 WET SCRUBBERS
 Contaminated gas is passed through
water, and the water absorbs the
contaminants.
 They can be packed with a liquid that
will bind most effectively to the type of
pollutant present in the gas stream.
 An effective way to remove pollutants
from gas streams.
DRY SCRUBBERS
 Air pollution control devices that use a
dry sorbent, usually in the form of a
powder, to remove pollutants from
exhaust gases.
 They work by passing the polluted gas
through a chamber where the sorbent
comes into contact with the gas and binds
with the pollutants.
 Most commonly used to remove sulphur
dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
and fly ash from exhaust gases.
https://www.saferack.com/glossary/air-scrubber/
 “ CONCLUSION”

Monitoring and improving air quality are pivotal in safeguarding

public health and preserving the environment. Devices for
monitoring air quality provide real-time data to track pollution
levels, enabling informed decisions for pollution control and
mitigation (United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA).
Simultaneously, devices for improving air quality, such as air
purifiers and scrubbers, play a crucial role in reducing pollutants
and allergens indoors, fostering healthier living environments
(U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health).
Combining monitoring and mitigation measures is essential for
ensuring clean and safe air for all.
REFERENCES (cont.)
• Neira, M. P. (2019). Air pollution and human health: a comment from the World
Health Organization. Annals of Global Health, 85(1).
• Gonzalez-Martin, J., Kraakman, N. J. R., Perez, C., Lebrero, R., & Munoz, R. (2021).
A state–of–the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for indoor air pollution
control. Chemosphere, 262, 128376.
• Luengas, A., Barona, A., Hort, C., Gallastegui, G., Platel, V., & Elias, A. (2015). A
review of indoor air treatment technologies. Reviews in Environmental Science and
Bio/Technology, 14, 499-522.
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Air pollution.
[https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution](
https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution)
• Tran, V. V., Park, D., & Lee, Y.-C. (2020). Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human
Diseases, and Recent Trends in the Control and Improvement of Indoor Air
Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8),
2927.
• Photoionization Detectors (PIDs) – Geotech Environmental Equipment, Inc. (https://
www.geotechenv.com/photoionization_detectors.html).
REFERENCES:
 Particulate Monitors – Geotech Environmental Equipment, Inc. (
https://www.geotechenv.com/particulate_monitors.html)
 Air Velocity Vent Monitors – Geotech Environmental Equipment, Inc. (https://
www.geotechenv.com/air_velocity_vent_monitors.html)
 "Flame Ionisation Detector Principles". Cambustion. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
 Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2017-01-27). Principles of
Instrumental Analysis. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305577213.
 Multi-gas detector 4-in-1 in Pakistan-test instruments in Pakistan. (
https://testinstruments.pk/multi-gas-detector-4-in-1-in-pakistan/)
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (https://
www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-hepa-filter)
 Air scrubber – saferack (https://www.saferack.com/glossary/air-scrubber/)
 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. (https
://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)