CEMENT CONCRETE

By Group 3

NAME STUDENT NUMBER REG. NUMBER

MUYINGO STEPHEN 2300702172 2023/HD08/2172U

MBYEMEIRE 2300702175 2023/HD08/2175U

AMBROSE
LUBEGA JOHN 2300702166 2023/HD08/2166U
BOSCO
KOMAKECH HENRY 2300702165 2023/HD08/2165U
 Presentation Outline
 Production of Cement Concrete
 Properties of Fresh and Hardened
Cement Concrete
 Types of Cement Concrete
 Design of Cement Concrete to
Predefined Specifications
 Introduction
 Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, the
paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats
the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates.
 Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the
paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like
mass known as concrete.
 Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of
concrete: it's plastic and malleable when newly mixed,
strong and durable when hardened.
 Concrete’s durability, strength and relatively low cost
make it the backbone of buildings and infrastructure
worldwide—houses, schools and hospitals as well as
airports, bridges, highways and rail systems
 1. Production of Cement Concrete
Definition
Cement Concrete is a mixture of paste
and aggregates.
The paste (25-40 percent), composed These are the various states of cement
of cement and water, coats the surface concrete, from its initial dry
of the fine and coarse aggregates. ingredients to its fully hardened and
aged state. Each stage plays a crucial
Aggregates (60-75%) are a role in the construction process and the
composition of fine aggregates (such as ultimate performance of the concrete
sand) and coarse aggregates (like structure.
gravel or crushed stone). States
Cement concrete is known for its Dry Ingredients State
Mixing State
strength, durability, and versatility in
Plastic state
various construction applications.
Setting state
Hardened state
Aged state
 Concrete states -Ctd
4. Setting State: As time passes, the
1. Dry Ingredients State: At concrete undergoes a chemical
the initial stage, you have
reaction known as hydration
the dry ingredients -
5. Hardened State: After the
cement, Aggregates and
concrete has fully set and cured, it
sometimes admixtures and
reaches its hardened state
water.
6. Aged State: Over time, concrete
2. Mixing State: The next
continues to gain strength and
step is mixing the dry
ingredients with water.
undergo minor changes in its
properties
3. Plastic State: After mixing,
the concrete is in a plastic
state
 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE
 The production of cement concrete Steps
requires careful attention to detail and
adherence to industry standards and best Raw Material Selection.
practices to achieve the desired quality Mixing Proportions-
and performance in construction projects. Batching /measurement of
 The specific steps and techniques may materials.
vary depending on the project's Mixing.
requirements and the type of concrete
being produced. Transportation.
Production Location Placement.
 On-Site (Cast In-situ) Compaction.
Finishing.
 Off site (Pre-cast)
Curing.
 Both (Mixed in trucks and delivered to
Quality control.
site –Ready Mixed concrete)
Protection and
Production methods
Maintenance.
 By Hand
 By Machine
 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE ---------CTD
1. Raw Material Selection:
Cement: The primary raw material is Portland cement, typically made from
limestone, clay, shells, and silica. Different types of cement can be used
depending on the specific application.
Aggregates: Fine aggregates (such as sand) and coarse aggregates (like
gravel or crushed stone) are chosen based on their quality and compatibility
with the desired concrete properties.
Water: Clean, potable water is used for mixing. The quality and quantity of
water are critical factors in concrete production.
2. Mixing Proportions:
The proportions of cement, aggregates, and water are carefully determined to
achieve the desired strength, workability, and durability of the concrete.
This is typically done using a mix design, which considers factors such as the
type of construction, exposure conditions, and required performance
characteristics.
 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE ---CTD
3. Mixing:
This can either be done by Hand or Machine.
Cement, aggregates, and water are combined in a concrete mixer.
The mixing process ensures that the materials are evenly distributed and
thoroughly mixed.
The mixing time should be sufficient to achieve uniform consistency.
4. Transportation:
Once the concrete is mixed, it needs to be transported to the construction site
quickly, as the hydration process begins immediately after mixing.
Wheel barrows, pipelines, belt conveyors, chutes, Concrete trucks or mixers are
commonly used for this purpose.
5. Placement:
The concrete is poured or placed into the desired molds, formwork, or structural
elements.
This step involves careful placement and consolidation to eliminate voids and
achieve the desired shape.
 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE ---------CTD
6. Compaction:
Compaction is essential to remove air bubbles and ensure that the concrete is
densely packed for better strength and durability(Less permeability)
This is typically done using vibrators or other compaction equipment.
It may be by internal vibration, external vibration or self-compacting concrete(made
with plasticizer or super-plasticizer)
Excessive compaction is not good as it can lead to unstable concrete (Bleeding)
7. Finishing:
After placement and compaction, the surface of the concrete may be finished to
achieve the desired texture or appearance.
This can involve troweling, brushing, or other techniques.
8. Curing:
Curing is the process of maintaining adequate moisture and temperature
conditions to allow the concrete to hydrate and gain strength.
 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE ---CTD.
 It helps prevent cracking and ensures the concrete reaches its intended
properties.
 Curing can involve methods like wet curing, covering with curing blankets, or
using curing compounds.
9. Quality Control:
 Throughout the production process, quality control measures are implemented
to ensure the concrete meets the specified requirements.
 Testing may include assessing the concrete's strength, slump, air content, and
other properties.
10. Protection and Maintenance:
 Once the concrete has cured sufficiently, it should be protected from harsh
environmental conditions and undergo regular maintenance to ensure its long-
term durability.
 Cement concrete production
Procedure by Hand
 Batch the fine aggregates (Sand) and Cement
 Mix the cement and fine aggregates till a consistent
mixture is obtained
 Spread out the fine aggregates –cement mixture
 Spread the coarse aggregates over the fine aggregates
–cement mixture
 Pour water over a section of the mixture
 Mix that wetted section until a consistent cement
concrete is obtained
 Haul that mixed cement concrete away.
 Cement concrete production: by Machine
Mixer
 Sequence of feeding ingredients into mixing trucks varies
 General sequence is as follows {move from a coarse size to a fine
size}
1. Coarse aggregates (At times a few left for end) + some water
2. Fine aggregates + some water
3. Cement is added
4. Left over coarse aggregate added if any +water
5. Mixing is done continuously as the ingredients are being added
 Total mixing time is extremely important but varies with machine
used
 Concrete from the mixer also has to be used within 30 minutes from
the time when its preparation was started.
 There are some exceptions to this- the use of admixtures
[decelerating admixtures]
2. FRESH CONCRETE  Properties of fresh Concrete
13Concrete is Workability
referred to as The property determining the effort required to
fresh when the manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of
setting and concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity
hardening (ASTM C 125).
process has not It is influenced by;
yet started.  Water Content of the Mix
 Fresh concrete  Aggregate Mix Proportions
can be deformed  Aggregate Properties
and poured which  Time and Temperature
means it can be
 Cement Characteristics
transported or
pumped and used  Admixtures
to fill moulds and Measure of workability
formwork Slump Test.
Compacting Factor Test.
Vebe Test
 14
The mobility of fresh
concrete
Compactability of Fresh Mobility is the ease with
concrete which concrete can flow into
the formwork around steel,
Compaction of concrete means, forming adequate bonds, i.e.
expelling the entrapped air resulting the ability to be molded.
from the concrete during
placement.
The following methods are This measure depends on
adopted for compacting the cement the type of formwork, the
concrete arrangement of steel in the
mold, the method adopted in
 Hand Compaction molding, the time lag
 vibration from Compaction between the mixing and
pouring and the nature of
 Compaction by pressure and
work.
jolting
 Spinning from Compaction
Stability Segregation of fresh
15 concrete
The ability of concrete to Segregation is the separation of the
remain in a stable, constituent materials of concrete. A
homogeneous, coherent, good concrete contains a proper
mass without distribution of all the ingredients of
segregation both during concrete.
handling and during
vibrations
Segregation is of three types i.e
Consistency Coarse aggregate separation out
Consistency is the from the concrete,
degree of plasticity or The paste of cement is separating
texture of cement out of from coarse aggregate,
concrete. It is the relative
mobility or ability of Water is separated out from the
freshly mix concrete or rest of the material
mortar to flow.
Bleeding Durability of concrete
16 Resistance to weathering action
 It is a particular due to environmental conditions
form of such as changes in temperature
segregation, in and humidity, chemical attack,
which some of the abrasion, frost, and fire.
water from the
concrete comes out
to the surface of the Factors affecting
concrete. Chemical impurities in cement
and water.
 Bleeding takes Combination of high-alkali cement
place in a highly with reactive aggregate.
wet mix, badly
Change in moisture content
proportioned and
insufficiently mixed during service life.
concrete. Change in temperature
2. 1 HARDENED CONCRETE
 STRENGTH
17
 Maximum amount of load (kN) which
Properties which concrete can handle.

determine the quality  The power of the concrete which is

considered its most valuable property.
of hardened  High-strength concrete is synonymous
concrete broadly fall with good quality concrete
 Determined by the compressive
into the following
strength and tensile strength
three groups  Compressive(crushing) Strength
1. Strength.
Maximum compressive load that can be
2. Durability. taken by concrete per unit area.

3. Dimensional Measured at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days

stability. after the casting of the samples
 Tensile Strength: Plain concrete
(without steel reinforcement) is quite
weak in tensile strength
DURABILITY
 Most likely forces,
18
 It is the Second most  Frost Action is a major cause
important quality of of deterioration of concrete in
hardened concrete Cold Climates
 It is the capacity of  Chemical attack ; Concrete is
hardened concrete to liable to attack to various
withstand all the
degrees by acids alkalies and
forces of deterioration
salt solutions.
that are likely to act
on it, after setting, in a  Alkali-Aggregate Reaction,
given environment. Sodium and potassium
hydroxides of cement are
capable of reaction with silica
 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
19

 CREEP  SHRINKAGE

 Hardened Concrete undergoes

 This defines the
three types of :
behavior of
1. Plastic shrinkage: freshly placed
concrete under concrete undergoes till it sets
completely
loads.
2. Drying shrinkage: further
 When hardened shrinkage may result because of
concrete is contraction of gel-structure due to
loaded, it deforms further loss of moisture, or drying
as concrete is non 3. Thermal shrinkage. due to fall in
elastic and not temperature of concrete from the
entirely plastic time it is laid till it sets completely.
 3. Types Of Concrete and their Applications
20

 Normal Strength Concrete  Plain concrete

 It is made using the same
 Is the most common type mixing proportions as
of concrete with a basic normal strength concrete,
mix of cement, but will have absolutely
aggregates, and water. no reinforcement in it.
 Is typically used for  It can be used to build
pavements, home structures that do not
construction projects, require intense tensile
and buildings that don’t strength like Pavements
require maximum tensile and walkways
strength
 Ready mix concrete
21
Reinforced Concrete
 This is concrete to which It is made at a
reinforcement is introduced to manufacturing plant
bear the tensile strength. and then is brought to
 Reinforcement are placement to the site with the help
take up the responsibility of of a truck-mounted
bearing the tensile stresses transit mixer.
Quality concrete can
Light weight concrete be achieved since it’s
made with specialty.
 This is concrete with a density level
less than 1920 kg/m3 and is made
using light weight Aggregates
 It is used where there is need to
reduce the total “dead weight” of a
structure to help prevent collapse,
such as walls or flooring.
 High-Density Concrete
22
Prestressed Concrete
 Bars or the tendons used in the  Concretes that have
concrete are stressed before the densities ranging
actual service load application. between 3000 to
 These are used in construction of 4000 kg/m3. Heavy
bridges, heavy loaded structures, weight aggregates
and roof with longer spans. are used like
Barytes.
 Are most commonly
Precast Concrete
used in the
 Concrete structural elements made construction of
and cast in the factory as per the atomic power plants
specifications and brought to the site and similar projects.
at the time of assembly.
 Examples are concrete blocks,
staircase units, precast walls and
poles, concrete lintels etc.
 High-Performance Concrete
23
 These concretes
conform to a
Air Entrained Concrete
particular standard
 Is concrete containing microscopic air but in no case, will
bubbles that help to relieve internal be limited to strength
pressure in the concrete. This is  Used in construction
achieved by the addition of foams or
gas - foaming agents like resins. of bridges, hydro-

pewer structures,
Suitable for structures in environments
with freeze-thaw conditions. pavements, high
density radiation
shieldings, offshore
High-Strength Concrete
platforms nose,
 Concretes that have strength greater than tunnels, high-rise
40MPa structures etc.
 Mostly used in the erection of high-rise
structures.
 Vacuum Concrete
24 Shotcrete Concrete  Is concrete with water
 Is concrete which is shot into the content more than
frame or the prepared structural required quantity is
formwork with the help of a nozzle.
poured into the
 Mostly used to line tunnel walls, in
mines, subways and automobile
formwork. The excess
tunnels. water is sucked out
after placement and
compaction with a help
of vacuum pump
Pervious Concrete  Is used in parking lots,
 Is concrete that is designed in such a industrial floors and
way that it allows the water to pass
through it. deck slabs of bridges.
 Is used in the construction of
pavements and driveways where
storm water issues persist.
 Stamped Concrete
25 Self - Consolidated Concrete  Is an architectural
 Is concrete mix when placed will concrete where
compact by its own weight. realistic patterns similar
to natural stones,
 Is used in areas where there is
granites, and tiles can
thick reinforcement
be obtained by placing
Pumped Concrete impression of
professional stamping
 Is concrete which is conveyed to pads.
its final destination by pumping.  Is used in the
The pipes used can be rigid or construction of
flexible hose that can discharge driveways, interior
the concrete to the desired area floors, and patios.
 Is used in large mega
constructions especially for the
high-rise structures
 Glass Concrete
26
 Is concrete where
Roller Compacted Concrete recycled glass is used
as an aggregate, or
 Is concrete that is placed and compacted
with the help of earth moving equipment like used in places of both
heavy rollers. fine and coarse
 It is commonly used to build concrete gravity aggregates.
dams
 Used as countertops,
Rapid Set Concrete floors, architectural
 Is a type of concrete that hardens at a quicker
pace than normal concrete. cladding, acoustic
 Is commonly used for non-structural concrete barriers and screens
jobs, such as concrete repair and restoration. etc.
 Is the most common type of concrete with a
basic mix of cement, aggregates, and water.
4. DESIGN OF CONCRETE TO PRE-DEFINED
SPECIFICATIONS
o Concrete can be designed to pre-defined specifications in
terms of its strength using methods namely: Road Note 4 or
Grading curve method and or the DoE (Department of
Environment) method among others.
o The DoE method is applicable to concrete for most purposes
including roads and buildings. The DoE method is specifically
a British Standard method of concrete mix design and was first
established in 1975.
o A properly designed concrete mixture will possess the desired
workability for fresh concrete and the required strength for
durability of the hardened concrete. Designated mixes should
always conform to BS 8500.
 METHODS OF CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN
 Concrete mix design is the act of defining the
quantities of cement, sand, aggregates, water to
get the most competitive grades of concrete mix
ratios.
 These include the following:
 Minimum Voids Method
 Maximum Density Method
 Abram’s Water – Cement ratio for Concrete
mix design
 Experimental method
 Methods of CONCRETE MIX Design
(cont’d…)
 Trail and Adjustment method of mix design

 British DoE method of Concrete mix design

 ACI Method of mix proportioning

 Concrete mix proportioning by IS guidelines

 Rapid method of Mixed design

 Designed Concrete to Specifications
 Designed concrete are those that the producer is
responsible for selecting the mix proportions to
meet the required performance as communicated by
the specifier,
 It is therefore important that the specifier, in
compiling the specifications takes into account the
following:
 The uses of the fresh and hardened concrete
 The curing conditions
 The dimensions of the structure, this effects heat
development
 DESIGN OF CONCRETE
SPECIFICATIONS (CONT’D…)
 The environmental exposure conditions
 Surface finish requirements
 Maximum nominal aggregate size
 Restriction on suitability of materials.
The most common form of designed concrete is that
defined by the characteristic compressive strength at
28days and it is defined by the strength class. For
example Class M30 (C25/30 as per British Standards) is
the concrete having a characteristic compressive cube
strength of 30N/mm2.
 DESIGN OF CONCRETE
SPECIFICATIONS (CONT’D…)
 A good specification for designed concrete is to be complied
correctly needs details below:
 A requirement to conform to BS 5328 or BS 8500-2 or BS
EN 206 – 1
 The compressive strength class
 The Limiting values of composition i.e. maximum free
water/cement ratio, minimum cement content.
 Type of cement or carbonation
 The maximum Aggregate Size
 The Chloride Class
 The consistency class
 Concrete Mix Design using the Department of
Environment (DoE) Method

 This Method of Mix Design works by calculating the

values of 8 fundamental processes:
(i) The Mean target compressive strength
(ii) Water/cement ratio
(iii) Water content using required slump value and
aggregate size
(iv) Cement content
 DOE Method (CONT’D…)

(v) Concrete density

(Vi) Aggregate content
(Vii) Proportions of fines and coarse aggregates
(Viii) Coarse aggregates
 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR
DOE METHOD OF MIX DESIGN
Step 1: Data Collection
Data about the required specification of the concrete and
these include:
 Finesse Modulus of the selected Fine Aggregates (FA)
 Unit weight of dry-rodded coarse aggregates
 Specific Gravity (Gs) of coarse & fine aggregates in
SSD condition
 Absorption characteristics of both coarse and fine
aggregates
 Specific Gravity (Gs) of cement.
 Step 2: Determination of Target Mean
Strength
 To find the target mean strength from the specified
characteristic strength, we use the formulae shown in
the equation below:
Target Mean Strength = Specified Characteristic
Strength + (Standard Deviation x Risk Factor)
 Please note that the Risk Factor is allowed on the
assumption that 5% of results will fall less than the
specified characteristic strength.
 Step 2: CALCULATION OF target mean
strength (CONT’D…)
 Assumed a Characteristic Strength of
30N/mm2 is required, then:

 Hence, we have Target Mean Strength = 30

+ (1.65x5) = 30 + 8.25 = 38.25N/mm2
 Therefore Target Mean Strength (fm)
= 38.25N/mm2 or 38.25MPa.
 Step 3: Calculating the water cement ratio

 The Water/Cement ratio expresses the dilution

of the cement paste.
 This is done in a rather roundabout method,
using the 28-day strength for the approximate
type of cement and type of coarse aggregates.
 Therefore Figure 9 and Fig 10 are here
produced. .
 Step 3: Calculating the water /cement ratio (cont’d…)

 From Figure 9 below, for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and crushed
aggregates, the 28-day the compressive strength is 49MPa. And using
Figure 10: shown in next slide:
 Step 3: CALCUALTING
WATER/CEMENT RATIO
 Using Figure 10: We then draw a dotted line curve parallel to the neighboring
curve and then from this curve, we read off the Water/cement ratio
corresponding to the target means strength of 38.25MPa. The water/cement
ratio = 0.58
 STEP 4: Calculation of the Water
Content.
 This involves deciding the water content for a slump of
75mm (assumed) 20mm uncrushed aggregates from
table 11.12 below reproduced.
 Step 4: CALCUALTION OF WATER
CONTENT (CONT’D…)

 Since Fine Aggregates and Coarse Aggregates are

different, then we have
 The water demand for Fine aggregates is 195litres, while
Water demand for crushed Coarse Aggregates of 20mm
max size is 225litres:
 From the formulae: Water Content = Water Content=(2/3
xW_f )+(1/3 x W_Ca)
Water Content = ( (2 )/3 x 195) + (1/3 x 225)
= 130 + 75 = 205kg/m3
 Step 5: CALCUALTING THE CEMENT
CONTENT
 From the mixing water content obtained in step 4
above, and using the water/cement ratio obtained in
step 3 above, the cement content can be calculated as
below:
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 205
Cement Content = 𝑊/𝐶
= 0.5 =410𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
 As per table 9.2 of BS 8110 Part 1: 1985, the
minimum cement content is 350kg/m3, while the
value of 410 is > 350; hence ok. Hence 410Kg.m3
is recommended.
Step 6: Obtaining the weight of Total Aggregates.

 This requires an estimate of the wet density of the

fully compacted concrete. This can be found from Fig.
below for approximate water content and specific
gravity of aggregate.
 Step 6: Obtaining weight of Total Agg.
(cont’d…)

 The Total Wet Density can be read as =2375 Kg/m3.

 Total Weight of Total Aggregates = Total Wet
Density – Weight of Cement - Weight of Free Water

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 2375 − 410 − 205 = 1760𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3

STEP 7: Determining the Weight of Fine Aggregates.

 The proportion of fine aggregate in the total aggregate

is determined using Fig. 11.5, here reproduced in the
next slide.
 The parameters involved are the maximum size of
coarse aggregate, the level of workability, the
water/cement ratio, and the percentage of fine-passing
600 μ sieves. For 20 mm aggregate size, W/C ratio of
0.50, Slump of 75 mm, and for 50% fines passing
through 600 μm sieves.
Step 7: Cont’d…
 STEP 7: CONT’D …
 The percentage of Fines is obtained as = 41%
 Therefore weight of Fine Aggregates 41
= 1760 𝑥 = 721.6 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
100
 Similarly weight of coarse Aggregate = 59
1760 𝑥 = 1038.4𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
100

From the calculations above, it can be determined that for

each m3 of concrete, the correct amounts for each component
are as follows:

Material Density (Kg/m3)

Cement 410
Water 205
Fine Aggregate 721.6
Coarse Aggregate 1038.4
  REFERENCES

 Dhir, J. &. (1996). Civil Engineering Materials (5th. Ed). New York USA: Palgrave
Publishing Ltd.

 Institute, A. C. (1990). Cement and Concrete Terminology. Farmington Hills,

Mich: ACI 116R-90.

 J. Stewart Stein. (1994, p. 95.3.). Construction Glossary, 2nd ed. Kansas City,
Mo: John Wiley & Sons.

 Research gate (2020) DoE Method of Concrete Mix Design. (2023, September
23). Retrieved from www.researchgate.net:
https://www.researchgate.net/publications/338765233.

 www.livewebtutors.com/assignment-help/civil-engineering/concrete. (2023,
September 30th). Retrieved from www.livewebtutors.com:

 https://www.livewebtutors.com/assignment-help/civil-engineering/concrete
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