G

@
\
Z
\

Z
C
N
bj
m
:
C f i ngf gf sgf gf f f df

d Wj hc `h

@c dnri f t`hf
F .@i pbj i j c tf s` K j r e f c k bnk`hf pf gf j bj i j c
J bj htr nc `hf

1.@i pbj i j c tf s` kj r e f c k CNW gj c kf c \

f hbf r

Ufckhf`fc kj ref c k CNW gfckfc sf hbf r

Gf r` kf i ef r gf pf t h`tf jj bf shf c ef mwf j`hf sf hbf r tj rmueuc k (A = l ), i f hf bf i pu Q

t`gf h i j c yf bf (Q=O) gf c sj ebf `hc yf j`hf sf hbf r F tj reuhf (A=O) i f hf bf i pu V
i j c yf bf (Q=l ).
5. @i pbj i j c tf s` K j r e f c k C NW Gj c kf c
I j c kkuc f hf c Wr f c s`stnr

Ufckhf`fc kj ref c k CNW gj ckf c trfcs`stnr

Qfgf kf i ef r gfpf g`j j bf shf c ef mwf j`hf F g`ej r` tj kf c kf c (hj f gff c bnk`h 1), i f hf
frus i j ckf b`r gfr` Vcc i j bf bu` krnucg sj m`c kk tj kf c kf c nutput Q hj l `b sj hf b`
(hj f gff c bnk`h 1). Frt`cyf j`hf A=l i f hf Q = NOT A = O
 <.@i pbj i j tf s` Kj ref c k F C G Gj c kf c
Wrf cs`stnr

Ufckhf`fc kj ref c k F C G gj ckf c Wrf cs`stnr

Qfgf kf i ef r tj rb`mf t j`hf ef tj rf ` A gfc B pfgf pns`s` i `c`i ui , i f hf hj guf trfcs`stnr

t`gfh ej hj rj f (t`gfh hncguh) sj m`c kkf tj kf c kf c Q f gf bf m 1. Frt`cyf A 9 1 gfc B 9 1
i f hf Q 9 1.

\j ef b`hc yf j`hf tj kf c kf c ef tj rf ` A pfgf hj f gff c bnk`h 1 (i `sf b A 9 11 T ) gfc ef tj rf `

pfgf hj f gff c bnk`h (B 9 11 T), i f hf hj guf trfcs`stnr ej hj rj f sj m`c kkf j kf c kf c pfgf
e j e f c RL

7.@i pbj i j c tf s` Kj ref c k NU i j ckkucf hf c

Wrf cs`stnr
Kj ref c k NU jukf gfpft g`j j bf shf c i j c kkuc f hf c trfcs`stnr pj rmf t`hf c shj i f g`ef wf m.

Ufckhf`fc kj ref c k NU gj ckf c trfcs`stnr

Kj ref ck NU jukf gfpft g`kf i ef rhf c gj c kf c i j c kkuc f hf c trfcs`stnr yfck i f cf fh f c

gfpft ej rbf hu gj c kf c hncg`s` e`bf trfcs`stnr 1 (W1) hncguhtnr (ej hj rj f ) ftfu pfgf
F gfpft tj rmueuc k hj sui e j r tj kf ckf c E i f hf fh f c i j c kmf s`bhf n hj f gf f c bnk`h 1
gfc W5 t`gfh tj rmueuc k/tj rhnc guh ftfu pfgf E g`mueuckhf c hj krnucg i f hf gfpft
h`tf cyftfh fc pfgf

he j rfbgf hfuc pbj nrsfk`hi f1f, ci pf ghf ntjurtjpf ugt`c tyj fkef cj rukf pcf pQf g9f Ftf+mfEcf c RL ftf`
Q 9 l . Nbj m hf rj cf `tu i fhf
5.@i pbj i j tf s` kj ref ck CFCG gj ckf c
i j ckkucf hf c sf hbf r
Qj rmf t`hf c rfckhf`fc g`ef wf m yfck i j rupf hf c kj ref c k C F C G gj c kf c i f suhf c sf hbf r

Ufckhf`fc Kj ref c k CFCG gj ckf c sf hbf r

Qfgf rfckhf`fc g`ftfs tj rgf pf t pn`c pj c t`c k yfck mf rus hf b`f c pf mf i ` yf`tu
1. F pf e`bf hj guf sf hbf r tj reuhf frt`cyf sf hbf r A gfc B tj re uhf , i f hf bf i pu P fh fc
i j cyf bf . Gj c kf c hftf bf `c e`bf A = 1, B = 1, P = 1.
5. F pf e`bf sf hbf r F tj reuhf sj gf c khf c pfgf sf hbf r E tj rtutup (tj rmueuc k),
i f hf bf i pu P i j cyf bf . Gj c kf c hftf bf `c e`bf A = 1, B = 1, P 9 1.
<. F pf e`bf sfhbfr F tj rtutup gfc sfhbfr E tj reuhf , gj ckf c hftf bf`c bf i pu P fh f c
i j c yf bf .
Gj c kf c hftf bf `c e`bf A 9 1, B 9 1, P 9 1.
7. F pf e`bf hj guf sf hbf r tj rtutup frt`cyf sf hbf r F gfc E tj rmueuc k i f hf bf i pu P
t`gfh i j cyf bf . Gj c kf c hftf bf `c e`bf A 9 1, B 9 1, i f hf P 9 1.

4W.r@fi c ps`bsj tinrj tf s` Kj ref ck CFCG

Gj ckf c I j ckkucf hf c

Ufckhf`fc kj ref c k CFCG

gj ckf c trfcs`stnr
Gf r` rf c khf `f c kj ref c k CF CG g`f tf s e`bf pf gf ef tj rf ` F gf c E i j i `b`h`
tj kf c kf c i f hs`i ui (f tf u i j bj e `m` tj kfc kfc T EJ pf gf i fs`c k-i fs`c k trf cs`stnr),
i f hf trf cs`stnr W1 gf c W5 hnc guh (i j c kmf c tf r f tf u ej hj rjf ) sj m`c kkf f rus b`str`h
gf pf t i j c kf b`r gf r`
+Vcc i j bj wf t` UB, W1, gfc W5 hj krnucg. Of g` e`bf A9 1, B 9 1 i f hf Q 9 1.
B.Manfaat, fungsidan tujuan dari
elemen elektronika
Hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf e`s f g`ej gf hf c ejrgfsfrhfc ej ctuh s j rtf tutnr`f b pj i f s f ckf ccyf
s j rtf g`ej gf hf c e jrgfsfrhfc i f cdf f t s j rtf tutnr`f b hj rjf cyf .

Oj c`s —Oj c`s Hni pncj c J bj htrnc`hf

E j rgf s f rhf c ej ctuh s j rtf tutnr`f b pj i f s f ckf ccyf hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf g`ej gf hf c
gf bf i 5 t`pj yf `tu t`pj \ I G (\ urdf l j I nuct Gj v`l j ) s j rtf t`pj ui ui f b`f s rj kubj r.

1. Hni pncj c J bj htrnc`hf W`pj Z i ui (U j kubj r)

Hni pncj c t`pj ui ui f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck gj ckf c l f rf d`s `h i j i pucyf `
p`c f b`f s hf h` gj ckf c tujuf c tutnr`f b pj i f s f ckf ccyf i j i f hf ` QL E yf ck ej rl j bf m. P f `tu
pns `s ` hni pncj c g`bj tf hf c pf gf QL E hj i ug`f c p`c f b`f s hf h` hni pncj c pf gf s j k` QL E
yf ck bf `c uctuh g`s nbgj r pf gf jf bur QL E tj rs j eut. E j ref kf ` hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj
ui ui e`s f g`b`mf t gf bf i dntn gef wf m.

hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf ,hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf cnc s i gHni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj `c`
pf gf ui ui cyf g`pf hf ` uctuh i j i e`h`c s `s tj i s j gj rmf cf yf ck tf h i j cuctut d`s `h
pj rf ckhf t yf ck hj l `b f b`f s g`pf hf ` pf gf pj rf ckhf t f b`f s s `s tj i j bj htrnc`h gj ckf c
gf yf ej s f r.

5. Hni pncj c J bj htrnc`hf W`pj \ I G (\ urdf l j I nuct Gj v`l j )

Hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj \ I G (\ urdf l j I nuct Gj v`l j ) `c` f gf bf m hni pncj c
j bj htrnc`hf yfck tutnr`f b pj i f s f ckf ccyf bf cks uck g`tj i pj b s j rtf g`s nbgj r g j c k f c Q L E
p f g f s j k` jf bur QLE. Hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj \ I G `c` jukf g `ej hf b` p`c f b`f s hf h`,
ef hf b cf i uc d`s`h hf h` f b`f s p`c hni pncj c t`pj \ I G `c` g` tf i p`bf c hj l `b g j c k f c
tujuf c uctuh g`pf s f ck p f g f pj ri uhf f c jf bur QLE. Q f g f ui ui cyf hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf
t`pj \ I G f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj tj rf hm`r sj i f l f i p f g f dntn ej r`hut.

hni pncj c s i g,ej ctuh hni pncj c s i g,jj c`s hni pncj c si g

Hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj \ I G g`tf i p`bf c uctuh i j i j cum` tuctutf c ej ctuh d`s `h
pj rf ckhf t j bj htrnc`h gj ckf c ej ctuh d`s `h yf ck hj l `b. \ f bf m s f tu pj cj rf pf c hni pncj c
j bj htrnc`hf t`pj \ I G
`c` e`s f g`b`mf t p f g f pj rf ckhf t p l sj i f l f i UF I , T K F s j rtf i ntmj enf rg hni putj r.

Hj i ug`f c e jrgfsfrhfc i f cdf f t s j rtf tutnr`f b hj rjf cyf hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf g`ej gf hf c
i j cjf g` hni pncj c pf s `d s j rtf hni pncj c f ht`d.

1. Hni pnc j c J b j ht r nc ` hf Qfs`d

Hni pncj c pf s `d f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck gf bf i pj cknpj rf s `f ccyf tf h
i j i eutumhf c s uej r tj kf ckf c f b`f s s ui ej r f rus tj rs j cg`r`. Hni pncj c pf s `d pf gf
ui ui cyf g`pf hf ` s j ef kf ` pj i ef tf s f rus , pj i ef k` tj kf ckf c, tf ch l `rl u`t s j rtf d`btj r
pf s `d. Hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck
g`knbnckhf c s j ef kf ` hni pncj c pf s `d g`f ctf rcyf f gf bf m rj s `s tnr, hf ps `tnr,
`cguhtnr,s f hbf r s j rtf
g`ngj . E j r`hut f gf bf m gj d`c`s ` s j rtf i f cdf f t gj ckf c l f rf ui ui gf r` hni pncj c pf s `d
tj rs j eut :
F. Uj s` st nr
Uj s`stnr f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yfck ej ri f cdf f t s j ef kf `
pj ckmf i ef t/pj i ef tf s frus b`s t`ps . E j r`hut f gf bf m s `i enb s j rtf s f bf m s f tu ej ctuh
d`s`h rj s `s tnr.

Uj s` st nr sj rt f ej c t uhc yf,s` ienb r j s` st nr ,ej c t uh rj s` st nr

Gf bf i s ndtwf rj cyf rj s `s tnr e`s f g`rf ckhf ` gj ckf c l f rf s j r` s j rtf pf rf bj b, pf gf

rf ckhf `f c s j r` i f hf rj s `s tnr e`s f g`i f cdf f thf c s j ef kf ` pj i ef k` tj kf ckf c gj ckf c
hf rf htj r`s t`h huf b`tf s rj s `s tnr ef hf b ej rtf i ef ms j s uf ` gj ckf c huf b`tf s rj s `s tnr yf ck
g`mueuck s j r` tj rs j eut. Hj i ug`f c rj s `s tnr pf gf hncd`kurf s ` pf rf bj b rj s `s tnr ej ri f cdf f t
s j ef kf ` pj i ef k` f rus s j rtf i j i pucyf ` hf rhf tj r`s t`h huf b`tf s rj s `s tf cs ` i j cjf g` bj e`m
rj cgf m ej ref cg`ck tj ref b`h gj ckf c jui bf m s j rtf huf b`tf s rj s `s tf cs ` rj s `s tnr yf ck
g`pf rf bj b.

E. Hfpfs`tnr
Hf pf s `tnr f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck ej ri f cdf f t uctuh i j cy`i pf c i uf tf c
b`s t`ps s j i j ctf rf . E j ctuh d`s `h s f bf m s f tu hf pf s `tnr s j rtf s `i enb hf pf s `tnr e`s f
g`b`mf t s j i f l f i pf gf dntn ej r`hut.

hf pf s `tnr,s `i enb hf pf s `tnr,ej ctuh hf pf s `tnrE j s f r hj l `bcyf i uf tf c b`s t`ps yf ck e`s f

g`s `i pf c nbj mhf pf s `tnr s j `i ef ck gj ckf c huf b`tf s hf pf s `tf s hf pf s `tnr tj rs j eut.
W`gf h mf cyf s j ef kf `
pj cy`i pf c i uf tf c b`s t`ps hf pf s `tnr jukf e`s f g`pf hf ` s j ef kf ` pj ckmueuck f b`f s
l nupb`ck s `cyf b f b`f s `s yf rf t F L gf bf i s j euf mrf ckhf `f c pj i rns j s s `cyf b.

L . @c guhtnr
@cguhtnr f b`f s hui pf rf c f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck g`ef ckuc gf r` hf wf t j i f `b
yf ck g`ef ckuc s j gj i `h`f c rupf jf g` i j i pucyf ` huf b`tf s rj f htf cs `. @cguhtnr e`s f
g`pf hf ` uctuh i j cf mf c f rus F L s j rtf i j bj wf thf c f rus GL . E j ctuh s j rtf s `i enb `cguhtnr
gj ckf c l f rf ui ui e`s f g`b`mf t pf gf dntn ej r`hut.

ej ctuh `guhtnr,s `i enb `cguhtnr@cguhtnr ej rs f i f rj s `s tnr s j rtf hf pf s`tnr e`s f

s j ef kf `s uf tu d`btj r f b`f s tf p`s gf bf i rf ckhf `f c pj i rns j s s `cyf b. @cguhtnr e`s f
g`pf hf `
tf h s j g`h`t g` jui pf ` gf bf i pj rf ckhf t j bj htrnc`hf yf ck ej hj rjf s j ef kf ` pj i rns j s
s `cyf b rf g`n.

G. \fhbfr
\ f hbf r f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck ej hj rjf s j ef kf ` pj i utus f b`f s pj i `b`m
s `cyf b gj ckf c l f rf i j hf c`h. \ f hbf r i j i pucyf ` guf tf mf p i utbf h yf `tu hnctf htnr s j rtf
tuf s s f hbf r.\ f bf m s f tu ej ctuh s j rtf s `i enb s f hbf r e`s f g`b`mf t pf gf dntnej r`hut.

s f hbf r,ej ctuh s f hbf r,s `i enb s f hbf rGf bf i i j cjf bf chf c tukf s cyf s f hbf r i j i eutumhf c
npj rf tnr s j ef kf ` pj ckkj rf h tuf s . N pj rf tnr tuf s s f hbf r e`s f ej rupf s j euf ms `s tj i j bj htrn
i j hf c`s i f upuc npj rf tnr i f cus `f gj ckf c l f rf i f cuf b.
J . G` ngj
G`ngj f gf bf m hni pncj c pf s `d yf ck g`ef ckuc gf r` ef mf c s j i `hncguhtnr. G`ngf
ej ri f cdf f t uctuhi j ckf b`rhf c f rus b`s tr` GL gf bf i s f tu f rf m s f jf . G`ngf g`ef ckuc
i j i f hf ` guf bj i pj ck ef mf c s j i `hncguhtnr t`pj Q s j rtf t`pj C . \ `i enb s j rtf s f bf m
s f tu ej ctuh d`s `h g`ngf e`s f g`b`mf t pf gf dntn ej r`hut.
ej ctuh g`ngj ,s `i enb g`ngj G`ngf i j i pucyf ` 5 hf h` yf `tu hf h` F cngf s j rtf Hf h`
Hf tngf , pf gf pr`cs `pcyf g`ngf ef hf b i j ckf b`rhf c f rus GL gf r` F cngf hj Hf tngf . Qf gf
s ndtwf rj bf `c g`ngf e`s f ej ri f cdf f t s j ef kf ` pj cyj f rf m kj bni ef ck F L .

5. Hni pnc j c J b j ht r nc ` hf F ht` d

Hni pncj c f ht`d f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck gf bf i pj cknpj rf s `f ccyf
i j i eutumhf c s ui ej r tj kf ckf c f b`f s s ui ej r f rus gf r` buf r. F gf tf h s j g`h`t t`pj
hni pncj c f ht`d yf ck g`pf hf ` gf bf i rf ckhf `f c f b`f s s `tj i j bj htrnc`hf . Gj ckf c l f rf
ui ui hni pncj c f ht`d g`ef ckuc i j ckucf hf c ef mf c s j i `hncguhtnr yf ck g`tf i p`bf c
s j gj i `h`f c rupf jf g` i j i pucyf ` i f cdf f t, huf b`tf s s j rtf hf pf s `tf s s j s uf ` hj eutumf c
yf ck g`mf rf phf c. E j ref kf ` l nctnm hni pncj c f ht`d f gf bf m.
F. Wrfcs`stnr
Wrf cs `s tnr f gf bf m hni pncj c f ht`d yf ck g`ef ckuc gf r` t`kf bj i pj ck s j i `hncguhtnr
t`pj Q s j rtf t`pj C . Wrf cs `s tnr e`s f ej ri f cdf f t s j ef kf ` pj ckuf t s `cyf b s j rtf e`s f
jukf ej ri f cdf f t s j ef kf ` s f hbf r j bj htrnc`h. E j r`hut f gf bf m s f bf m s f tu l nctnm s j rtf
s `i enb trf cs `s tnr.

Wrf cs `s tnr E `pnbf r

Wrf cs `s tnr E `pnbf rWrf cs `s tnr Z c`pnbf r
Wrf cs `s tnr Z c`pnbf rWrf cs `s tnr tj rg`r` gf r` guf t`pj yf `tu trf cs `s nr C QC s j rtf QC Q.
Hj i ug`f c gf r` guf t`pj tj rs eut trf cs `s tnr g`ef k` bf k` i j jf g` guf t`pj i j cjf g` trf cs `s tnr
e`pnbf r s j rtf trf cs `s tnr uc`pnbf r. Wrf cs `s tnr e`pnbf r i j i pucyf ` < hf h` yf `tu ef s `s ,
l nbj htnr s j rtf j i `tnr, s j gf ckhf c trf cs `s tnr uc`pnbf r i j i pucyf ` t`kf hf h` yf `ut kf tj ,
s nurl j s j rtf grf `c.
E. Wmyr`stnr
Wmyr`s tnr g`s j eut jukf gj ckf c \ L U ( \ `b`l nc L nctrnbbj g U j l t`d`j r) s j rtf tf h s j g`h`t
g`pf hf ` s j ef kf ` s f hbf r j bj htrnc`h. Wmyr`s tnr tf h jf rf ck g`pf hf `s j ef kf ` s f hbf r j bj htrnc`h
pf gf rf ckhf `f c b`s t`ps yf ck ej hj rjf gj ckf c s ui ej r tj kf ckf c F L . Wmyr`s tnr f gf bf m
pj ckj i ef ckf c gf r` g`ngj s j rtf i j i pucyf ` < hf h` yf `tu kf tj , f cngf s j rtf hf tmngf .
E j r`hut f gf bf m s f bf m s f tu ej ctuh s j rtf s `i enb tmyr`s tnr.

E j ctuh \ j rtf \ `i enb Wmyr`s tnrWmyr`s tnr `c` ef hf b ej hj rjf f b`f s i j ckmf ctf r frus
b`s t`ps gf r` f c n g f hj hf tngf f pf e`bf p f g f hf h` kf tj g`ej r` frus hj f rf m hf tngf , s j e f e c y f
hf h` kf tj wf j`e g`ej r` tj kf ckf c pns`t`d h j p f g f hf tngf .

L . Wr fc sgulj r
Wrf cs gul j r f gf bf m hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf yf ck e`s f i j ruef m ej s f rf c d`s `h i j cjf g`
ej s f rf c b`s t`ps f b`f s s j ef b`hcyf i j ruef m ej s f rf c b`s t`ps i j cjf g` ej s f rf c d`s `h.
Wrf cs gul j r yf ck ej ri f cdf f t uctuh i j ruef m ej s f rf c d`s `h i j cjf g` ej s f rf c b`s t`ps tf h
jf rf ck g`s j eut s j ef kf ` s j cs nr. Hj i ug`f c trf cs gul j r yf ck ej ri f cdf f t uctuh i j ruef m
ej s f rf c b`s t`ps i j cjf g` ej s f rf c d`s `h tf h jf rf ck g`pf hf ` s j ef kf ` `cg`hf tnr f b`f s
f htuf tnr. L nctnm ui ui trf cs gul j r s j ef kf ` s j cs nr f ctf rf bf `c C WL , QWL , BGU ,
Qmntntrf cs `s tnr s j rtf \ nbf rl j bb. Hj i ug`f c l nctnm trf cs gul j r yf ck i j ruef m ej s f rf c
b`s t`ps i j cjf g` ej s f rf c d`s `h f gf bf m BJ G, Bnug \ pj f hj r, I ntnr B`s t`ps s j rtf U j bf y.

Qj cjj bf s f c s j rtf l nctnm hni pncj c f ht`d g`f tf s f gf bf m f gf bf m s j ef k`f c l nctnm

hni pncj c f ht`d
y fck f g f s j rtf i j cjf g` g f s f r gf r` hni pncj c f ht`d yfck bf `c. G j c k f c l f r f bj e`m gj t`b
g j d`c `s `, i f cdf f t s j rtf pr`cs `p hj rjf hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf t`pj pf s `d i f upuc t`pj
f ht`d ef hf b g`ef mf s s f tu pj rs f tu

L.Iflfi iflfi syienb j bj i j c gfbfi rfckhf`fc

1. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Qj c k mueuc k
E j ej rf pf hni pncj c j bj htrnc`hf f hf c tj rpf sf ck pf gf sj euf m rf ckhf `f c, pj ckmueuck
f ctf rf hf h`-hf h` i f s`ck-i f s`ck hni pncj c i j ckkucf hf c sj euf m kf r`s sj pj rt`
g`tucjuhhf c pf gf tf ebj g`ef wf m `c`:

5. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Uj s` st nr
U j s `s tnr f gf bf m hnipncjc jbjhtrnc`h guf hutue yf ck g`gj s f `c uc tuh i j cf mf c frus b`str`h
gj ckf c i j i prnguhs` tjkfckfc b`str`h g` f ctf rf hj guf hutuecyf , c`bf ` tj kf ckf c
tj rmf gf p rj s `stf cs ` ej ref c g`c k gj ckf c f rus yf ck i j ckf b`r, ej rgf s f rhf c muhui Nmi.
Uj s `s tnr g`kucf hf c s j ef kf ` ef k `f c g f r` rf c khf `f c j bj htrnc`h g f c i j rupf hf c s f bf m s f tu
hni pncj c yf c k pf b`c k s j r`c k g `k uc f hf c . U j s `s tnr g f pf t g `euf t g f r` ej ri f l f i -i f l f i
hni pnc g f c d`bi , ef mhf c hf wf t rj s `s tf cs ` (hf wf t yf c k g`euf t gf r` pf guf c rj s`st`v`tf s
t`ckk` sj pj rt` c`hjb-hrni`ui).
Hf rf htj r`st`h utf i f gf r` rj s`stnr f gf bf m rjs`stfcs`cyf g f c g f y f b`str`h yfck gf pf t
g`mf ctf rhf c.

<. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Hfpfs`tnr

Hf pf s `tnr f tf u s j r`c k g`s j eut s j ef k f ` hnc gj cs f tnr f gf bf m s uf tu f bf t y f c k g f pf t ijcy`ipfcjcjrk
`
gfgbf` i ijgfc b`str`h, g j c kf c l f rf i j c ku i pubhf c hj t`g f hsj `i ef ck f c `ctj rcf b g f r` iuftfc
Hncgj cs f tnr b`str`h. i j i `b`h` s f tuf c yf ck g`s j eut Dfrfg gf r` cf i f I`l
g``gj ct`hhf c imfjbDfrfgfy.
j i pucyf ` Hncgj
guf cs hff h`
tnr gf c guf hutue yf `tu pns`t`d gf c cjkft`d sj rtf
l f `rf c jbjhtrnb`t g f c e`f isfjcyf i `b`h`
ej rej ctuh tf euc k. \ j g f c khf c jj c `s yf c k s f tuc yf bf k `
hj ef c yf hf c c `bf ` hf pf s `tf s cyf bj e `m rj c gf m, t`g f h i j i pu cyf ` hutue pns `t`d f tf u
c j k f t`d pf g f hf h`c yf , hj e f c yf hf c ej rej ctuh eubf t p`p`m ej rwf rcf l nhbf t, i j rf m, m`jf u gf c
bf `ccyf sj pj rt` tf ebj t f tf u hf cl `ck ef ju.

7. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb @c guhtnr

\ j euf m `cguhtnr f tf u rj f htnr f gf bf m s j euf m hnipncjc jbjhtrnc`hf p f s `d
(hj ef cyf hf c ej rej ctuh tnrus) yf ck gf pf t i j cy`i pf c j c j rk` pf gf ijgfc ifkcjt yf c k
g `t`i eu bhf c n bj m frus b`str`h y f ck i j b`ctf s `c yf . Hj i f i puf c `c guhtnr uc tuh
i j cy`i pf c j cj rk` i f kcj t g`tj ctuhf c nbj m `cguhtfcs`cyf, g f bf i s f tuf c Mj c ry. E `f sf cyf
s j euf m `cg uhtnr f gf bf m s j euf m hf wf t pj c kmf c tf r yf c k g `ej c tuh i j c jf g` huipfrfc, b`b`tf c
i j i ef ctu i j i euf t i j gf c i f kc j t yf ck huf t g` gf bf i
hui pf rf c g `hf rj c f hf c muhui `cg uhs` Df rf g f y. @cg uhtn r f gf bf m s f bf m s f tu hni pn cj c
j bj htrn c`h gf s f r yf ck g`kucf hf c gf bf i rf ckhf `f c yf ck f rus gf c tj kf c kf ccyf ej rue f m-
uef m g`hf rj cf hf c hj i f i puf c `cguhtnr uctuh i j i prnsj s frus enbfh-efb`h.

5. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb \fhj bfr gfc Uj b fy

\ f hbf r f g f bf m s j euf m pj rf ckhf t yfc k g`kucf hf c uctuh i j cyf i euck f tf u pj i utus f b`rf c
b`s tr`h.
\ j bf `c uctuh jf r`ckf c b`s tr`h frus huft, s f hbf r ej rej ctuh hj l `b jukf g`pf hf `
uctuh f bf t hni pncj c jbjhtrnc`hffrus bjifm. \ j l f rf s j gj rmf cf , s f hbf r tj rg`r` gf r` guf
e`bf m bnkfi yf ck i j c j i pj b pf g f s uf tu rf c khf `f c , g f c e`s f tj rmueuck f tf u tj rp`sf m s j s uf `
g j c kf c hj f gf f c s f i euck
(nc) f tf u putus (ndd) gf bf i rf ckhf `f c `tu.

U j bf ` f gf bf m s uf tu pj rf c t` y f c k i j c kk uc f hf c jbjhtrnifkcjt uctuh i j c knpj rf s `hf c

s j pj rf ckhf t hnctf h sfhjbfr. \ u s u c f c pf b`c k s j g j rmf cf tj rg`r` g f r` huipfrfc hf wf t pj c kmf c tf r
y f c k g`b`b`t p f g f
`ct` e j s `. E `bf hui pf rf c `c` g `j cj rk `hf c , i j g f c i f k cj t yf c k tj rej ctuh i j c f r`h f ri f tur
e j rpn rn s yf ck g`kucf hf c sj ef kf ` pj ckuckh`t i j hf c`si j sf hj bf r.
4. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb \uiej r Wj k fc k fc
Qj c l f tu G f y f (pnwjr s uppby) f gf bf m s j euf m p`rf c t` jbjhtrnc`hf yfck ejrkucf s j ef k f `
s ui ej r g f y f uctuh p`rf c t` bf `c, tj rutf i f g f y f b`str`h. Q f g f g f s f r c y f pj cl f tu g f y f
euhf cbf m s j euf m f bf t yfck i j ckmf s `bhf c jcjrk` b`s tr`h s f jf , cf i uc f g f e j e j r f p f pj cl f tu
g f y f yfck i j ckmf s `bhf c j cj rk` i j hf c`h, g f c j cj rk` yfck bf `c .
; . Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Fbft Zhur
F bf t uhur f gf bf m fbft yf c k g `k uc f hf c uctuh i j c kuhur ej c gf f tf u hj jf g `f c tj rsj eut. F bf t
uhur b`s tr`h f gf bf m uctuh i j c kuhur hj jf g`f c b`s tr`h. F i pj rj i j tj r f gf bf m
f bf t yf ck g`kucf hf c uctuh ijckuhur huf t frusb`str`h yf c k f g f g f bf i rf c k hf `f c tj rtutup.
F i pj rj i j tj r e`f s f cyf g `pf s f c k ej rgj rj t g j c kf c jbjijcb`str`h. f rf i j ckku cf hf ccyf f gf bf m
gj ckf c i j cy`s `p hf c f i pj rj i j tj r s j l f rf bf cks uc k hj rf ckhf `f c. T nbti j tj r f gf bf m
f bf t/pj rhf hf s uctuh i j ckuhur ej s f r tjkfckfc b`str`h g f bf i s uf tu rfckhf`fc b`str`h. T nbti j tj r
g `s us uc s j l f rf pf rf bj b tj rmf gf p bj tf h hni pncj c yf c k g`uhur gf bf i rf ckhf `f c.
=. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Bfipu
Bf i pu f g f bf m s j euf m pjrfct` yf c k i j i prng uhs` lfmfyf. Hf tf "bf i pu" gf pf t jukf ej rf rt`
enbf bfipu. Bf i pu p`jf r f gf bf m s ui ej r lfmfyf euf tf c yf ck g`mf s `bhf c i j bf bu`
pj cyf burf c frus b`str`h i j bf bu` d`bfijc yf c k hj i ug `f c i j i f c f s g f c i j c kmf s `bhf c l f mf yf .
Hf l f yf c k i j c yj bueuck ` d`bf i j c pf c f s tj rsj eu t i j c kmf bf c k` u gf rf u ctuh e j rmu eu ck f c
g j c kf cc yf s j m`c kk f d`bf i j c t`g f h f hf c bf c ks uc k rus f h f h`ef t tjrnhs`gfs`. Bf i pu p`jf r
g `pf s f rhf c g f bf i e j ref kf ` i f l f i e j c tu h g f c tj rsj g`f uctuh tj kf ckf c (vnbtfsj) hj rjf yf ck
ej rvf r`f s` gf r` i ubf ` 1,55 vnbt m`ckkf <11 vnbt.

9. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Fct j cf

\ j euf m f ctj c f f gf bf m ef k`f c v`tf b gf r` s uf tu pj i f cl f r f tf u pj cj r`i f yf ck ej rducks `
uc tuh i j c yf bu rhf c s `c yf b rf g `n hj u gf rf . E j c tu h f ctj c f e j ri f l f i i f l f i s j s uf ` g j c kf c
gjsf`c, pnbf pj cyj ef rf c gf c drjhujcs` gf c kf`c. Qf cjf ck f ctj ccf sj l f rf j dj ht`d
f gf bf m pf cjf ck kj bni ef ck drjhujcs` rf g`n yf ck g`pf cl f rhf ccyf . F ctj ccf s j tj ckf m kjbn
iefck f gf bf m s f ckf t pnbubj r hf rj cf i ugf m g`euf t gf c i f i pu i j i f cl f rhf c kjbniefck rfg`n
s j l f rf j dj ht`d.

11. Iflfi-iflfi \`ienb Wrfcs`stnr

Wrf cs `stnr f gf bf m fbft sji`hncguhtnr yf ck g`pf hf ` s j ef kf ` pj ckuf t, sj ef kf ` s `rhu`t
p j i utus gf c pj c yf i euck (s w`tl m`ck ), s tf e`b`s f s ` tj kf ck f c , i ngubf s ` s `cyf b f tf u s j ef kf `
duck s` bf `c cyf . Wrf c s `s tnr gf pf t ej rducks ` s j i f l f i hrf c b`s tr`h, g`i f cf ej rgf s f rhf c
f rus `c putcyf (E OW) f tf u tj kf ckf c
`cputcyf (DJ W), i j i uckh`chf c pj ckf b`rf c b`str`h yf ck sf ckf t f hurf t gf r` s`rhu`t sui ej r
b`str`hcyf ..

Q f g f ui ui cyf , trf cs `s tnr i j i `b`h` < tj ri `cf b, yf `tu E f s `s (E), J i `tnr (J) g f c Hnbj htnr (L).
Wj k f c kf c y f c k g` s f tu tj ri `cf bc yf i `s f bcyf J i `tnr g f pf t g `pf hf ` uctuh i j c kf tur frus g f c
tj k f c kf c y f c k bj e `m e j sfr gf r`pf gf frus `cput E f s `s , yf `tu p f g f hj buf rf c tj kf ckf c g f c frus
nutput Hnbj htnr.
11. Macam-macam Simbol Dioda
G`ngj f gf bf m hni pncj c f ht`d guf hutue yf ck pf gf ui ui cyf ej rs `df t
sj i `hnc guhtnr, yf ck i j i pj renbj mhf c f rus b`s tr`h i j c kf b`r hj s f tu f rf m (hncg `s ` pf c jf r
i f ju) g f c i j c kmf i ef t f rus g f r` f rf m s j ef b`hcyf (hncg`s` pf cjf r i ucgur). G `ng j gf pf t
g`sf i f hf c s j ef kf ` duc ks ` hf tup g` g f bf i e`g f c k j bj htrnc`hf . G `ngj s j ej c f rcyf t`g f h
i j c uc juhhf c hf rf htj r`st`h hj s j f rf mf c yf c k s j i purc f , i j bf `chf c i j i pucyf ` hf rf htj r`s t`h
mueuck f c f rus gf c tj k f ckf c hni pbj hs yf ck t`gf h b`c`j r gf c sj r`ckhf b` tj rkf ctuck pf gf
tj hcnbnk` f tf u i f tj r`f b yf ck g`kucf hf c sj rtf pf rf i j tj r pj ckkucf f c.

E j ej rf pf jj c`s g`ngj jukf i j i pucyf ` ducks` yf ck t`gf h g`tujuhf c uctuh pj ckkucf f c

pj cyj f rf mf c.
15. Macam-macam Simbol Kj r bac k Bokiha
K j ref ck bnk`hf f tf u kj ref ck bnk`h f gf bf m su f tu j ct`tf s g f bf i jbjhtrnc`hf gf c iftjift
`hf Ennbjfc yf c k i j c ku ef m s f tu f tf u e j e j rf pf i f s uhf c bnk `h i j c jf g` s j e uf m s `c yf b
hj buf rf c bnk `h. K j ref ck bnk `hf tj rutf i f g ``i pbj i j ctf s `hf c s j l f rf j bj htrnc`s
i j c kk uc f hf c g`ngj f tf u trfcs`stnr, f hf c tj tf p` g f pf t pubf g `ef c kuc i j c kk uc f hf c s us uc f c
hni pncj c-hni pnc j c yf c k i j i f c df f thf c s `df t-s `df t jbjhtrnifkcjt`h (rj bf y), lf`rfc, npt`h gf c
ef mhf c ijhfc`h.
7.\ `i enb j bj i j c
j bj htrnc `hf
\ @I E N B HN I QN C J C HJWJUFCKFC

\ yi enb \ f i euckf c

Hncguhtnr f tf u
Hf ej b f tf u [ `rj Hf ej b pj ckmueuck
B`s tr`h

Hncj hs ` \ tf tus cyf

hf ej b Wj rmueuck

Hf ej b g j c k f c \ tf tus cyf W`gf h

t`gf h tj rhncj hs ` Wj rmueuck f tf u Wj rputus

\ `i enb J bj htrnc`hf G f s f r Uj bf y g f c \ `i enb \

f hbf r /\ w`tl m

\ tf tus cyf Wj rputus

Wnkkbj \ w`tl m \ gf bf i hncg`s ` npj c
Q\ W

\ tf tus cyf I j i `b`m guf

Wnkkbj \ w`tl m \ Q tj ri `cf b hncj hs `
GW

\ tf tus cyf Wj rmueuck

\ f hbf r Qusm Euttnc XC hj t`hf g`tj hf c
NY

\ tf tus cyf Wj rputus

\ f hbf r Qusm Euttnc XC hj t`hf g`tj hf c
LY

\ tf tus cyf \ f hbf r

G@Q\ E fcyfh
w`tl m /I ubt`sw`tl m

Uj bf y \ Q \
W
\ tf tus cyf Hncj hs ` Zctuh
N p j c & L bns j g`kj rf hf c
Uj bf y \ Q G g j c k f c j bj htrn i f kcj t`h.
W

Hncj hs ` i j i f hf `
Oui pj pj i f hf `f c jui pj r
r
 Hncj hs ` i j i f hf `
\ nbgj r tj hc`h g`s nbgj r
E r`gkj s
\ yi enb
K rnucg

\ tf tus cyf Uj dj rj cs `
J f rtm f gf bf m 1 s uf tu s ui ej r
Krnucgs b`s tr`hcyf Krnucg
\ tf tus
g`mueuckhf c h j p f g f e f g f c
L mf s s `s s uf tu rfckhf`fc b`str`h
Krnucgs

L ni i nc /
G `k`tf b Krnucgs

\ `i enb J bj htrnc`hf G f s f r
Uj s`stnr

Uj s`stn
r
U j s `s tnr ej hj rjf gj ckf c
i j cf mf c f rus yf ck
Uj s`stn ej rjf bf c gf bf i s uf tu
r rf ckhf `f c b`s tr`h

Qntj cs`n
I j tj rs E j rducks` uctuh i j cf mf c
frus g` rf ckhf `f c b`str`h
cf i uc fckhf rj s `s tf cs ` p f g f
Qntj cs`n t`kf t`t`h tj ri `cf b e`s f
I j tj rs g`f tur

T f r`f ebj
Uj s `s tnrs E j rducks` uctuh i j cf mf c
frus g` rf ckhf `f c b`str`h
cf i uc fckhf rj s `s tf cs ` p f g f
T f r`f ebj g u f t`t`h tj ri `cf b e`s f g`f tur
Uj s `s tnrs
\ `i enb J bj htrnc`hf G f s f r Hf pf s`tnr /
L ncgj cs f tnr

L ncgj cs f tnrs
E `pnbf r
K ucf cyf i j cy`i pf c
s j euf m f rus b`s tr`h uctuh
L ncgj cs f tnrs ej ej rf pf wf htu
C ncpnbf r
 G`sj eut J B L N f tf u
L ncgj cs f tnrs J bj l trnbyt`l L ncgj cs f tnr
E `pnbf r

G`sj eut J B L N f tf u
Hf pf s`tnr y fck J bj l trnbyt`l L ncgj cs f tnr
ej rpnbf r

Hf pf s`tnr yfck c`bf `cyf

T f r`f ebj
L ncgj cs f tnr
\ `i enb J bj htrnc`hf G f s f r @cguhtnr /
Hui pf rf c
l n`b, b`b`tf c, s pub,
`cguhtnr, hui pf rf c
p f g f hf pf s `tf cs ` e`s f
g`f tur
hni pncj c `c`
i j ckmf s `bhf c
i j gf ci f kcj t s f f t frus
b`s tr`h i j ckf b`r`cyf

Hui pf rf c `c` i j i `b`h`

@cguhtnr ej s j rtf `ct` `ct` ej s ` s j pj rt` mf bcyf
ej s ` g j c k f c trf dn

B`b`tf c `c` f c k h f
@cguhtnr `cguhtf cs`cyf e`s f g`f tur
Tf r`f ebj
\`ienb Jbjhtrnc`hf G f s f r Qnwjr \ uppby

I j ckmf s `bhc tj kf ckc s j f rm

\ ui ej r tj kf ckc G L ttf p f tf u hncs tf c

\ ui er Frus I j ckmf s `bhc s ui er frus

\ ui er tj kf ckc F L
K j cj rf tnr
tj tf p
\ ui er tj kf ckc enbf h
ef b`h s j prt` gr
Qj rus f mf f c B`s tr`h
C j k f r f / QBC
Qj ckmf s `b tj kf ckc b`str`h
enbf m ef b`h s pj rt`
pj i eckh`t b`s tr`h
Qj rus f mf f c B`s tr`h C j k f r f /
QBC

E f tj rf I j ckmf s `bhc tj kf ckc s j f rm

` ttf p

E f tj rf ` bj e`m gr 1 I j ckmf s `bhc tj kf kc s j f rm

L j bb ttf p
 \ ui er tj kf ckc yk gpt \ ui er tj kf ckc yc ej rf s b
g`f tur gr rf ckhf `c b`s tr`h bf `ccyf

\ ui er frus yk ej rf s b
\ ui er frus yk gpt gr rf ckhf `c b`s tr`h
g`f tur bf `ccyf
\ yi enb I j tj r (F bf t
Z hur)

I j ckuhr tj kf ckc b`str`h

T nbt gkc s f tuf c T nbt
I j tj rs

I j ckuhr frus b`s trh gkc

F i pj rj I j tj rs s f tuf c Fi pj rj

I j ckuhr rj s `s tj cs ` gkc
N mi s f tuf c N mi
I j tj rs

I j ckuhr g f y f b`s trh gkc

[ f tt s f tuf c [ f tt
I j ttj rs
\ yi enb
Bf i pu

Bf i p

Bf i p

I j ckmf s `bhc l f mf yf s f f t
Bf i p g`f b`r frus b`s tr`h

\ yi enb
G`ngf
E j rducks` sek pj cyj f rm yk
gpt i j ckf b`rhc frus b`s trh 1
G`ngf f rf m f tf u dnrwf rg e`f s

Qj i euf t s tf e`b Wj kf ckc

Z j c j r G`ngf GL /
\ j f rf m

i j i `b`h` grnp tj kf cf c
\ l mntthy rj cgm, e`f s cyf tj rgpt gbi
G`ngf @L bnk`hf
 Tf rf l tnr G`ngf K f e u c k c G`ngf jukf
Hf pf s`tnr

Wuccj b Wuccj b
G`ngf G`ngf

i j ckmf s `bhc l f mf yf s f f t
B`kmt J i `tt`ck G`ngj / g`f br` frus b`s trh G L 1 f rf m
BJG

I j ckmf s `bhc frus b`s trh

Qmntn-G`ngf sf f t i j cgpt l f mf yf

\ yi enb
Wrf cs `s tnr

F rus b`s trh f hf c i j ckf br /

Wrf cs `tnr E ` pnbf r C J L s f f t ef s `s /E i j cjf g`
QC pns `t`d

Frus b`s trh f h f c i j ckf br/

Wrf cs `s tnr E ` pnbf r Q L J s f f t ef s `s / E i j cjf g`
C Q cj kf t`d
K f e u c k c gf r` 5
trf cs `s tnr E `pnbf r tuh
Wrf cs `tnr- i j c`ckhf thc pj ckuf tc
Gf rb`cktnc

Wrf cs `s tnr O D J W- D`j bg J ddj l ts Wrf cs `s tnr

C hf cf b-C

Wrf cs `s tnr O D J D`j bg J ddj l ts Wrf cs `s tnr

W-Q hf cf b-Q

Wrf cs `s tnr C I Wrf cs `s tnr I N \ D J W

N \ hf cf b-C

Wrf cs `s tnr Q I Wrf cs `s tnr I N \ D J W

N \ hf cf b-Q
\ yi enb gr Hni pncj c
Bf `ccyf

I ntn f gf bf m s `i enb I ntnr

r B`s tr`h
Wrf cs dnri f tnr, Qjcuruc & pj cf `h tj kf ckc F
Wrf dn, Wrf cs dnri j r L E nbf h-E f b`h

E j bb E j reucy` s f f t g`f b`r frus

B`s tr`h b`s trh

Qj ckmf s b sufr euzz s f f t

Euzzjr g`f b`r frus b`s trh

Dus j , \
`hr`ck

Qj ckf i f c yk f h f c putus sf f t
\ `hr`ck/ i j bj e`m hf pf s `ts frus
Dusj

E us

E us

Wj rg`r gr efcyh jf bur gf tf

E us f tn jf bur fg g rj s

\ e k `s nbf s ` f ctf r 5 rf ckhf `c

N ptn yk ej regf . G`mueuckhc nbj m
L nupbj r l f myf

I j ckuem s `kcf b b`s trh

\ pj f hj rs i j cjg sufrf

I j ckuem s `cyf b s u f r f
I `l rnpmncj / i j cjg frus b`s trh
I `l

N pj rf t`ncf b
F i pb`d`j r, Np Fi p Qj ckuf t s `cyf b
`cput

\ l mi `tt Gpt i j ckurf ck cn`s j

Wr`kkj rs
 I ckuef m s `cyf b
F cf bnk tn G `k`tf b, f cf bnk i j cjg` gf tf
FGL g `k `tf b

I ckuef m gf tf g`k`tf b
G `k`tf b tn F cf bnk, i j cjg s `cyf b f cf bnk
GFL

N l s `bf tnr, Qckmf s `b

L rystf b pubs f
\ yi enb
F ctj ccf

F ctj cf

Qj i f cl f r & pj cj r`i
F ctj cf s `cyf b rf g`n

G`pnbj F ctj cf Ke u c k f c gr
s `i pbj F ctj cf

\ `i enb J bj htrnc`hf G f s f r K j r e f c k Bnk`hf / G `k `tf b

Nut put f h f c i j ruphf c

C N W K f tj hj ef b`hc `c put

F C G K f tj Nut put f h f c 1 jh s f bf m 1 `cput

1

C F C G K f tj Nut put f h f c 1 jh s f bf m 1 `cput

1

N U K f tj Nut put f h f c 1 jh s f bf m 1 `cput

1

C N U K f tj Nut put f h f c 1 jh s f bf m 1 `cput

1

Nut put f h f c 1 jh `cput

J ] N U K f tj f gf bf m sf i f
 G Db`p Gpt erducks ` sek pcy`i pf c
Dbnp gf tf

I ubt`pbj xj r 5-
tn-1

I j cyj bj hs ` s f bf m 1 gf tf
I ubt`pbj xj r 7- `cput yk f h f c gh`r`i
tn-1 hj nutput

I cyj bj hs ` gf tf `cput tuh

G I ubt`pbj xj r 1- gh`r`i hj s f bf m 1 nutpu
tn-7

\ @\ WJ I G@K@WF B &
F CF BN K
□ \ `s tj i G `k `tf b f g f bf m s `s tj i j bj htrnc `hf yf c k s j t`f p rf c k hf `f c
pj c yus uc c yf i j bf huhf c pj c k nbf mf c s `c yf b g `s hr`t.
□ \ `s tj i G `k `tf b f g f bf m s uf tu s `s tj i yf c k ej rduc k s ` uc tuh i j c k uhur s uf tu
c `bf ` yf c k ej rs `df t tj tf p f tf u t`g f h tj rf tur g f bf i ej c tuh g `s hr`p ej rupf
g `k `t-g `k `t f tf u
f c k h f - fckhf, l nc tnmc yf e`bf c kf c `c tj kj r g f c pj l f mf c.
□ \ `s tj i G `k `tf b tj rg `r` g f r` ej ej rf pf rf c k hf `f c g `k `tf b/bnk `hf ,hni pncj c
j bj htrnc `hf , g f c j bj i j c k j ref c k bnk `hf uc tuh s uf tu tujuf c pj c k f b`mf c
tj c f k f /j c j rk `.
□ Uf c khf `f c G`k`tf b/U f ckhf `f c Bnk`hf f g f bf m hj s f tuf c gf r` hni pnc j c -
hni pncj c j bj htrnc `hf pf s `d g f c f ht`d y f c k i j i ej ctuh s uf tu duc ks `
pj i rns j s f c s `cyf b g `k `tf b

□ Uf c khf `f c J bj htrnc`hf f gf bf m: Hj s f tuf c gf r` hni pnc j c -hni pnc j c

j bj htrnc `hf ef `h pf s `d i f upuc f ht`d y f c k i j i ej ctuh s uf tu duc ks `
pj c knbf mf c s `cyf b (s `kcf b
prnl j s s `ck)
□ Hni pnc j c pf s `d g f c f ht`d `tu i j i ej c tuh j bj i j c bnk `hf . E j c tuh
j bj i j c bnk `hf tj rhj l `b f g f bf m K j ref c k Bnk `hf (Bnk `l K f tj s )
K j ref c k Bnk `hf : hj s f tuf c g f r` hni pnc j c j bj htrnc `hf pf s `d g f c f ht`d yf c k
g f pf t i j bf huhf c npj rf s ` F C G , N U , C N W f tf u s uf tu rf c k hf `f c bnk `hf
g j c k f c s uf tu hj buf rf c g f c s f tu f tf u 5 g f c juk f bj e`m i f s uhhf c . s `c yf b
hj buf rf c mf c yf tj rjf g ` uc tuh hni e`c f s `-hni e`c f s ` s `c yf b i f s uhhf c
tj rtj
EJ UGFc tu.
\ F UHF C \ @DF W \ @CPF B P F C K G@N BF M, F G F 5 Hf t j k nr `
J BJ HWUN C@
UF CK HF @F C
HF
□ Uf c khf `f c F c f bnk: rf c khf `f c j bj htrnc `hf y f c k i j c knbf m s `cyf b b`s tr`h
hnc t`c yu
□ Uf c khf `f c G `k`tf b: rf c khf `f c j bj htrnc `hf y f c k i j c knbf m s `cyf b b`s tr`h
g `s hr`t

UF CK HF @F C G@K @WF B
□
□
□
ENf@c
k`fupc-ef
tuptuk`f ccyf tj rg `r` f tf s e j e j r f p f k j r e f c k bnk `hf
gtcf ycfNi ujtprutpcfyhf ec jdrucpkfs `sp`cjyi f rb
ngs`kj `stf bc s `cyf b g `k `tf b

L @U@-L @U@ \ @\ WJ I G@K @WF B

□ E f k`f c-ef k`f ccyf tj rg `r` f tf s e j e j r f p f rf c khf `f c g`k`tf b,kj ref ck bnk `hf ,&
hni pncj c bf `ccyf
□ N utputc yf i j rupf hf c duc ks ` pj c kf b`mf c tj cf kf
□ @c put g f c N utputc yf ejrupf s uf tu tj cf kf /j cj rk`

HJ BJ E @MF C \ @\ WJ I G@K @WF B

□ \ `s tj i g `k `tf b s j l f rf ui ui bj e`m i ug f m g `rf c l f c k

□ Qj cy`i pf cf c `c dnri f s ` bj e`m i ug f m
□ Hj tj b`t`f c bj e`m e j s f r
□ N pj rf s ` gf pf t g`prnkrf i
□ Z c tf ` g`k`tf b bj e`m hj ef b tj rmf gf p g j r f u (c n`s j )
□ Bj e`m ef c yf h uc tf ` g `k `tf b g f pf t g `hj i f s g f bf i hj p`c k @L

E J CWZ H K J BNI EF CK \ @CPF B G @K @WF B

\ `s tj i g `k `tf b mf c yf i j c k j c f b g uf huf c t`tf s uc tuh i j wf h`b` g uf
hnc g `s ` yf c k f g f . Huf c t`tf s tj rs j eut g `s j eut g j c k f c bnk `hf .
Bnk `hf 1 i j wf h`b` hnc g `s ` m`g up g f c bnk `hf 1 uc tuh hnc g `s ` i f t`. \
j m`c kk f ej c tuh k j bni ef c k pf g f s `s tj i g `k `tf b mf c yf i j c k j c f b 5 f rf m,
yf `tu bnk `hf 1 g f c bnk `hf 1.

K F I EF U K UF D@H G@K @WF B

@GJ F B
 E J E J UF QF HJ Z CK K Z BF C GF U@ \ @\ WJ I G@K @WF B F GF BF M :

1. Wj hc nbnk ` g `k `tf b i j c f wf rhf c e`f yf bj e`m rj c g f m, hj f c g f bf c (rj f e`b`ty)

bj e`m ef `h, pj i f hf `c ruf c k yf c k bj e`m hj l `b g f c hnc s ui s ` g f yf yf c k
bj e`m rj c g f m
5. Wj hc nbnk ` g `k `tf b i j i euf t huf b`tf s hni uc `hf s ` t`g f h tj rk f c tuc k pf g f jf rf h
<. Wj hc nbnk` g`k`tf b bj e`m ej rkf c tuc k p f g f c n`s j
7. Of r`c k f c g `k `tf b `g j f b uc tuh hni uc `hf s ` g f tf yf c k s j i f h`c ej rhj i ef c k
5. Wj hc nbnk ` g `k `tf b i j i uc k h`c hf c pj c k j c f bf c bf yf c f c -bf yf c f c ef ru
4. Wj hc nbnk` g `k`tf b i j cyj g`f hf c hf pf s `tf s trf cs i `s` y f c k e j s f r
;. tj hc nbnk` g`k`tf b i j cf wf rhf c dbj hs `e `b`tf s

UJ QUJ \ J CWF \ @ F CF BN K :
E j s f rf c c yf g `c yf tf hf c g f bf i tj k f c k f c , f rus f tf u k j rf hf c i j tj r yf c k
prnpnrs `ncf b g j c k f c c `bf ` gf r` e j s f r f c `tu
s j cg`r` L nc tnm :
-\ p j j g n i j t j r s j pj gf i ntnr (hj l j pf tf c s j p j g f i ntnr g`tucjuhhf c nbj m
k j r f h f c jf rui )
-Wmjri n stft r u f c k f c (tj i pj rf tur r u f c k f c g`tucjuhhf c nbj m k j r f h f c s tr`p
i j tf bcyf )
-I `hrndnc p f g f pj rf bf tf c f ug`n
UJ QUJ \ J CWF \ @ G@K @WF B
E j s f rf c c yf t`g f h mf c yf g `tuc juhhf c g f bf i c `bf ` yf c k
prnpnrs `nc f b s f jf , tj tf p` juk f g f bf i s `i enb
yf c k
g `c f i f hf c g `k `t.
L nc tnm :
-Of i g `k `tf b
-Hf bhubf t nr

-WL jnrui c ntji r

jptuj brsgf `ktj `tbjf pb n c

QJ UE J GF F C
\ @\ WJ I F CF BN K
& G@K @WF B
* * \ @\ WJ I
G @K @WF B
Hni
e`c f s `
g f r`
s j jui bf m
pj rf bf tf c
yf c k
g `g j s `c
uc tuh
i j i f c `pu
bf s `
`c dnri f s ` bnk `hf f tf u ej s f rf c d`s `h yf c k g `c yf tf hf c g f bf i ej c tuh
g `k `tf b8 c `bf `c yf ej rupf c `bf `-c `bf ` g `s hr`t. \ j ef k `f c ej s f r ej rupf
pj rf bf tf c j bj htrnc `h, juk f e`s f i j hf c `h, i f k c j t`h f tf u pc j ui f t`h.
L nc tnm : hni putj r, hf bhubf tnr, f ug `n g f c v`g j n g `k `tf b, s ys tj i
tj bj pnc .

* * \ @\ WJ I F C F BN K
Wj rg `r` g f r` s j jui bf m pj rf bf tf c uc tuh i j i f c `pubf s `
ej s f rf c d`s `h yf c k

gyf` cykf thfnhcft`cc yguf .bf i ej c tuh f c f bnk . E j s f rf c c yf e`s f

ej rvf r`f s ` g f bf i rj c tf c k c`bf ` L nc tnm : f ug `n f i pb`d`j r, i f k c j t`h tf pj
rj l nrg `c k , s w`tl m bf i pu

HJ Z CK K Z BF C \ @\ WJ I G@K @WF B

1. I ug f m g f bf i i j c g `s f `c
5. I ug f m g f bf i pj c y`i pf c f c `c dnri f s `
<. Hj tj pf tf c g f c f hurf s ` t`c k k `
7. Qj c knpj rf s `f c c yf gf pf t g`prnkrf i
5. Bj e`m tf mf c tj rmf gf p c n`s j
4. G f pf t g `euf t g f bf i l m`p @L