Module 5 ME331 Fluid Mechanics

Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits

Pipes in Parallel: Pipes in Series:

Q2

Q1 Q3 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3
L1 L2 L3
Q4

Q1 = Q5 = Q2 + Q3 + Q4 Q1 = Q2 = Q3
hL2 = hL3 = hL4 Htotal = hL1 + hL2 + hL3
 zw = pB/γ + zB + hLWB → ⑥
hLWB = (fAB[LAB/DAB] + 0.5)VAB2/(2g)
= (0.03[300/0.15]+0.5)1.15592/(2[9.81])
= 4.12 m
From ⑥
30 = pB/γ + 15 +4.12
pB/γ = 10.88 m
pB = 10.88(9.81)
pB = 106.7 kPa
pC/γ + zC = zD + hLCD
pC/γ = zD – zC + fCD[LCD/DCD]VCD2/2g
pC/γ = 7.5 – 12 + 0.02(120/0.1)2.6012/(2[9.81])
= 3.775 m
pC = 3.775(9.81) = 37.04 kPa
Pipes in Parallel:
Problem:
Compute the flow in each pipe of the system shown in the figure, and determine the pressures at B
and C. Pipe AB is 300 m long, 15 cm in diameter, and f = 0.03; pipe BC (upper) is 180 m long, 10 cm
in diameter, and f = 0.02; pipe BC (lower) is 240 m long, 5 cm in diameter, and f = 0.04; pipe CD is
120 m long, 10 cm in diameter, and f = 0.02. The elevations are reservoir water surface, 30 m; A, 24
m; B, 15 m; C, 12 m; and D, 7.5 m. There is free discharge to the atmosphere at D. Neglect velocity
heads.
W
Solution:
zw = zD + hLWD
A
1
Water B

2
C

D
Given:
LAB = 300 m, DAB = 15 cm, fAB = 0.03
LBC1 = 180 m, DBC1 = 10 cm, fBC1 = 0.02
LBC2 = 240 m, DBC2 = 5 cm, fBC2 = 0.04
LCD = 120 m, DCD = 10 cm, fCD = 0.02
zw = 30 m, zA = 24 m, zB = 15 m,
zC = 12 m, zD = 7.5 m
hLWD = zw – zD = 30 – 7.5 = 22.5 m
hLWD = (fAB[LAB/DAB] + 0.5)VAB2/2g
+ (fBC1[LBC1/DBC1])VBC12/2g
+ (fCD[LCD/DCD])VCD2/2g
hLWD = (0.03[300/0.15]+0.5)VAB2/2g
+ (0.02[180/0.1])VBC12/2g
+ (0.02[120/0.1])VCD2/2g
22.5 = 3.0836VAB2 + 1.8349VBC12 + 1.2232VCD2 → ①
QAB = QBC1 + QBC2 = QCD From ①
DAB2VAB = DBC12VBC1 + DBC22VBC2 = DCD2VCD → ② 22.5 = 3.0836VAB2 + 1.8349(2.030VAB)2 + 1.2232(2.25VAB)2
VCD = (DAB/DCD)2VAB = (15/10)2VAB VAB = 1.1559 m/s
VCD = 2.25VAB → ③ From ⑤
(fBC1[LBC1/DBC1])VBC12/2g = (fBC2[LBC2/DBC2])VBC22/2g VBC1 = 2.030(1.1559)
VBC2 = VBC1 VBC1 = 2.3468 m/s
VBC2 = VBC1 From ④
VBC2 = 0.433 VBC1 → ④ VBC2 = 0.433 (2.3468) = 1.0162 m/s
From ② From ③
0.152 VAB = 0.12 VBC1 + 0.052 (0.433)VBC1 VCD = 2.25(1.1559) = 2.601 m/s
0.152 VAB = 0.0111VBC1 QAB = (π/4)0.152(1.1559) = 0.0204 m3/s
VBC1 = (0.152/0.0111) VAB QBC1 = (π/4)0.102(2.3468) = 0.0184 m3/s
VBC1 = 2.030 VAB → ⑤ QBC2 = (π/4)0.052(1.0162) = 0.002 m3/s
QCD = (π/4)0.102(2.601) = 0.0204 m3/s
Pipes in Series:
A
Problem: 10 m
B
Pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 300 m of 30-cm-
1
diameter, 150 m of 20-cm-diameter, and 2
250 m of 25-cm-diameter, respectively. 3
Pipe roughness is 0.25 mm conveying 15⁰C
water.
Given: Solution:
L1 = 300 m, D1 = 30 cm = 300 mm Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
At 15⁰C, ν = 0.000001139 m2/s
L2 = 150m, D2 = 20 cm = 200 mm D1 V1 = D2 V2 = D3 V3
2 2 2

Re1 = D1V1/ν = (0.3/0.000001139)V1

L3 = 250 m, D3 = 25 cm = 250 mm V2 = (D1/D2)2V1 = (30/20)2V1
= 263,389V1
ϵ = 0.25 mm = 2.25V1
tw = 15⁰C Re2 = D2V2/ν = (0.2/0.000001139)2.25V1
V3 = (D1/D3)2V1 = (30/25)2V1
= 395,083V1
Find Q = 1.44V1
Re3 = D3V3/ν = (0.25/0.000001139)1.44V1
ϵ/D1 = 0.25/300 = 0.000833
= 316,067V1
ϵ/D2 = 0.25/200 = 0.00125
ϵ/D1 = 0.25/250 = 0.001
 Q = (π/4)D12V1
Q = (π/4)0.3021.171
Q = 0.0828 m3/s, 82.8 L/s

V2 = 2.25V1 = 2.25(1.171)
= 2.635 m/s
V3 = 1.44V1 = 1.44(1.171)
Solving simultaneously,
= 1.686 m/s
f1 = 0.0204
Re1 = D1V1/ν
f2 = 0.0213
= 0.3(1.171)/0.000001139
f3 = 0.0204
= 308,400
V1 = 1.171 m/s Re2 = D2V2/ν
= 0.2(2.635)/0.000001139
= 462,600
Re3 = D3V3/ν
= 0.25(1.686)/0.000001139
= 370,100
Problem: Solution:
The pipes in the system shown are all cast iron hLAD = hL1 + hL2 + hL5
with a roughness of 0.25 mm. With a flow of Q1 = (π/4)D12V1
0.6 m3/s, find the head loss from A to D.
V1 = Q1/[(π/4)D12] = 0.6 /[(π/4)0.62] = 2.122 m/s
1050m of 35cm

2 V5 = Q5/[(π/4)D52] = 0.6 /[(π/4)0.752] = 1.358 m/s

900m of 60cm B 750m of 30cm C 1500m of 75cm

hL2 = hL3 = hL4
A D
1 3 5 f2(L2/D2)V22/2g = f3(L3/D3)V32/2g = f4(L4/D4)V42/2g
900m of 40cm

4 V3 =
Given:
V4 =
Q = 0.6 m3/s, ϵ = 0.25 mm
L1 = 900 m, D1 = 60 cm D12V1 = D22V2 + D32V3 + D42V4
L2 = 1050 m, D2 = 35 cm 602V1 = 352V2 + 3021.095445 + 4021.154701
L3 = 750 m, D3 = 30 cm V2 =
L4 = 900 m, D4 = 40 cm
L5 = 1500 m, D5 = 75 cm
Find: hLAD
 f1 = 0.0164 f3 = 0.0193 f5 = 0.0158
V2 =
f2 = 0.0186 f4 = 0.0180
V2 =
ϵ/D1 = 0.25/(60x10) = 0.0004167 V2 = 1.875 m/s
hLAD = hL1 + hL2 + hL5
ϵ/D2 = 0.25/(35x10) = 0.0007143
hL1 = f1(L1/D1)V12/2g
ϵ/D3 = 0.25/(30x10) = 0.0008333
hL1 = 0.0164(900/0.6)(2.122)2/2g
ϵ/D4 = 0.25/(40x10) = 0.0006250 = 5.646 m
ϵ/D5 = 0.25/(75x10) = 0.0003333 hL2 = f2(L2/D2)V22/2g
hL2 = 0.0186(1050/0.35)(1.875)2/2g
Re1 = D1V1/ν
= 9.999 m
Re2 = D2V2/ν hL5 = f5(L5/D5)V52/2g
Re3 = D3V3/ν hL5 = 0.0158(1500/0.75)(1.358)2/2g
= 2.970 m
Re4 = D4V4/ν
hLAD = 5.646 + 9.999 + 2.970
Re5= D5V5/ν = 18.622 m