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 Steel Structures

Design of beams with additional flange plate with

related examples and web crippling and web buckling 2
Design Procedure for Beam with additional flange
plates.
Step No. 1: Analyze the structural member and calculate maximum bending
moment.
w (lbs/ft)

2
𝑤𝐿
𝐵 . 𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8 3
Step No. 2: Calculate approximate section modulus from the calculated bending
moment.

𝐵 . 𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥 :=
𝑓𝑏

𝑓 𝑏 =0.66 𝑓 𝑦

Step No. 3: Compare available section modulus to the approximate section

modulus.
𝐼𝑓 𝑆 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥 : >𝑆 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Additional plates are required.

is the section modulus of given section on which additional plates are required.
4
Step No. 4: Calculate area of additional flange plate .

𝑆 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥 : − 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐴 𝑓𝑝=
𝐷

Where, D is the depth of given section.

Step No. 5: Calculate width and thickness of additional flange plate.

𝑤 𝑓𝑝 ′ = 𝑤 𝑓𝑝 +2

Width of flange plate of given

𝐴 𝑓𝑝 section.
𝑡 𝑓𝑝=
𝑤 𝑓𝑝 ′
5
Step No. 6: Calculate the self weight of new built-up section.

𝑊 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡− 𝑢𝑝 =𝑊 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 :+ 2 (𝑤𝑡 : 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 ) +𝑤𝑡 : 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠.

Step No. 7: Calculate the maximum bending moment due to self weight and
section modulus from maximum bending moment due to self weight.
2
𝑤𝐿
𝐵 . 𝑀 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 =
8

𝐵 . 𝑀 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓
𝑆 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 =
𝑓𝑏

6
Step No. 8: Calculate

𝑆 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =𝑆 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥 :+ 𝑆 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓

Step No. 9: Calculate .

𝐼 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 −𝑢𝑝 D
𝑆 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 −𝑢𝑝 =
𝑦

𝐼 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 −𝑢𝑝 =𝐼 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 : +2 ( 𝐼 𝑓𝑝 ) − 4 𝐼 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡

7
𝐼 𝑓𝑝=? 𝐼 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡 =?

Step No. 10: Condition for safe in bending.

𝑆 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 −𝑢𝑝 >𝑆 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 8
Check for shear.

Step No. 11: Calculate Max: Shear force and Shear stress.

Max: Shear force is calculated from the shear force diagram of given loading conditions.
w (lbs/ft)

𝑤𝐿
𝑆 . 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
9
In wide flange section the maximum shear will occur in web of the
section.
𝑡𝑓
𝑡𝑤 D
𝑆. 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎= ( 𝐷 −2 𝑡 𝑓 ) 𝑡 𝑤

Step No. 12: Calculate allowable shear stress.

𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒=0.4 𝑓 𝑦

𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < 𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Safe in shear. 10
Check for deflection

Step No. 13: Calculate the actual deflection.

For UDL, the actual deflection will be.

4
5𝑤 𝐿
∆ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
384 𝐸𝐼

Step No. 14: Calculate the allowable deflection.

For buildings, the allowable deflection will be.

𝐿
∆ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
360

∆ 𝑎 𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < ∆𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Safe in deflection. 11
Example No. 1: It is required to design a simply supported beam, which is limited to
overall depth of 24 inches and carries a uniformly distributed load of 15 kips/ft. The
span is of 20 feet. Cover plates are to be rivet connected. Use AISC specification for
A-36 steel. And available section is W21147.

15 kips/ft

L= 20 ft

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Example No. 2: Design a simply supported beam with additional flanges with the
loading conditions shown in figure. The span is of 18 feet. Cover plates are to be rivet
connected. Use AISC specification for A-36 steel. And available section is W21 122.
2 kips
15 kips/ft

L= 18 ft

21
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Web crippling and web buckling

Web crippling 34
Web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the compressive force delivered
through the flange.

35
• Crippling is just like buckling, but it happens in the web of a beam when it is
being compressed.
• It often occurs at the supports of a beam, where the bottom flange is resting
on a support, and the top flange is holding up the load, such as on a bridge
abutment.
• The web in these areas is subject to crippling, so plates are often welded in
perpendicular to the web from the top flange to the bottom flange.

36
Web buckling 37
• Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways failure of a structural member
subjected to high compressive stress, where the compressive stress at the point of
failure is less than the ultimate compressive stress that the material is capable of
withstanding.

38
• A heavy load or reaction concentration on a short length produces a region of high
compressive stresses in the vertical elements of the web either under the load of at
the support. The web under a load or above buckling as shown in figure (right) and
a web reaction point, may cause web failures such as web crippling or crushing as
shown in figure (left) above.

• Web buckling occurs when the intensity of vertical compressive stress near the
centre of section becomes greater than the critical buckling stress for the web
acting as a column.
39
Example No. 2: Design a simply supported beam with additional flanges with the
loading conditions shown in figure. The span is of 18 feet. Cover plates are to be rivet
connected. Use AISC specification for A-36 steel. And available section is W21 122.
1+R kips
15 kips/ft

L= 18 ft

40
Example No. 2: Design a simply supported beam with additional flanges with the
loading conditions shown in figure. The span is of 18 feet. Cover plates are to be rivet
connected. Use AISC specification for A-36 steel. And available section is W24131.

10+R kips 10+R kips 5+R kips/ft

8 ft 8 ft 8 ft
54 ft
41