PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Parameters / constant of Transmission Line

An electric transmission line has four parameters, namely resistance, inductance,
capacitance and shunt conductance. These four parameters are uniformly distributed along
the whole line. Each line element has its own value, and it is not possible to concentrate
or lumped them at discrete points on the line
Resistance. It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow. The resistance is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line.
It is most significant effect of the transmission line conductors is the generation of R loss in
the line.
Also produce IR voltage drop affecting voltage regulation of the line
Resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important cause of
power loss in transmission line.
R =Power loss in conductor/

This relation is egual to the dc resistance of conductor only if distribution of

current through out the conductor is uniform for dc resistance is given by

Where is the resistivity of the wire in Ω-m, l is the length in m and A is the
cross sectional area in .
Unfortunately however the resistance of an overhead conductor is not the
same as that given by the above expression.
The dc resistance of a conductor is affected only by the operating temperature and it
increase linearly with the temperature.
When a conductor is transmitting alternating current ,the current density distribution across
the conductor cross section is non uniform and is a function of the ac freguency.
This phenomena is called skin effect causes the ac resistance to be greater than the dc
resistance. At 60 Hz the ac resistance of a transmission line conductor may be 5 to
10%higher than its dc resistance.
The temp dependence of resistance is quantified by the relation

where R1 and R2 are resistances at temperatures t1 and t2 respectively and T is a constant

that depends of the conductor material and its conductivity. Since the resistance of a
conductor cannot be determined accurately, it is best to determine it from the data supplied
by the manufacturer.
• Examples
1. The field coil of a motor has resistance of 250Ω at By how much will
the resistance increase if the motor attains an average temperature of
when running? Take α= reffered to .
Skin Effect

• When a conductor is carrying steady direct current (d.c.), this current is

uniformly distributed over the whole X-section of the conductor.
However, an alternating current flowing through the conductor does not
distribute uniformly, rather it has the tendency to concentrate near the
surface of the conductor.This is known as skin effect.( cross sectional of
the conductor is less than the actual area and effective resistance is
consequenty higher)
• The skin effect depends upon the following factors :
(i) Nature of material
(ii) Diameter of wire − increases with the diameter of wire.
(iii) Frequency − increases with the increase in frequency.
(iv) Shape of wire − less for stranded conductor than the solid conductor.
 Proximity effect
• If two solid cylindrical conductor A and B lie comparatively close to
another,the flux due to B cutting the near half of A is greater than the
flux cutting the remote half of A and consequently the current
distribution over the cross section of A is altered.
• If A and B are carrying currents in opposite direction the current
distribute themselves in such away that their maximum density occurs
at those portions of conductor which are nearest to another this
phenomena is proximity effect.
• Proximity like skin effect increase the resistance of the conductor and
decrease its internal reactance,at normal overhead line spacings and
supply frequencies the effect is small that it can be ignored.
• Inductance. When an alternating current flows through a conductor,
a changing flux is set up which links the conductor. Due to these flux
linkages, the conductor possesses inductance.
• Two fundamental equations serve to explain and define inductance
e=…………………………1
e=L…………………………2
L=
Mathematically, inductance is defined as the flux linkages per ampere
• If it vary linearly with current which means that the magnetic circuit
has a constant permeability then L= henry
• Self inductance of an electric circuit as the flux linkages of the circuit
per unit of current the inductance of one conductor of a circuit is
equal to the flux linkages of the conductor per unit current in the
conductor.
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE PHASE TWO WIRE LINE
Consider a simple two wire line composed of solid round conductors.
Let their radii be r1 and r2 and let one conductor be the return of the
other.
• Then the inductance of the circuit due to the current in conductor 1
is given by
H/m for external flux only
H/m for internal flux only
• Total inductance of the circuit of the due to the current in conductor
1 only is
) H/m