Chapter 1

Part 2

GRAMMAR AND CAPITALIZATION

---------------------------------
Grammar
Do we remember what a

? sentence is
A paragraph is a group of
sentences that represents
.a single idea
A SET OF WORDS THAT IS COMPLETE
IN ITSELF, TYPICALLY CONTAINING A
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE,
CONVEYING A STATEMENT,
QUESTION, EXCLAMATION, OR
COMMAND, AND CONSISTING OF A
MAIN CLAUSE AND SOMETIMES ONE
.OR MORE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
:Easier definition
A sentence is group of words
that has S+V and expresses a
.complete thought
Subjects (S) indicates who *
.or what did the action
They are usually Nouns or *
.pronouns
:Nouns•
Ali , Tom , Fatimah, Car,•
.…Cat..etc
:or pronouns •
I , He , We,….etc•
.Verbs ( V ) indicates the action
Sometimes just links subject to
.the rest of the sentence
Action Verbs
Action verbs are words that express action
(give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have,
.own, etc.)
.Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive
Transitive Verbs : Always has a noun that receives the
.action of the verb, called the direct object
.EXAMPLE: Sara raises her hand
The verb is raises. Her hand is the object
Transitive verbs sometimes have indirect objects, which
name the object to whom or for whom the action was
.done. EXAMPLE: Ali gave Sami the pencil
The verb is gave. The direct object is the pencil. (What did
.he give? The pencil.) The indirect object is Sami
Intransitive Verbs never have a direct or indirect object.
,They may be followed by an adverb or adverbial phrase

:EXAMPLE
.Sara rises slowly from her seat
The verb is rises. The phrase, slowly from her seat,
.modifies the verb, but no object receives the action
Helping Verbs are used before action to convey
additional information regarding aspects of possibility
such as : (can, could, etc.)
.or time (was, did, has, etc.)

The main verb with its accompanying helping verb is

.called a verb phrase
:Exercise•
? Are these sentence √ or X •
,When I go to work •
Ali is my friend •
?Do you a baby •
We study English •
I spoke to •
He has a new car •
When I go to work, I drive very fast •
Ali is my friend •
?Do you a have baby •
We study English •
I spoke to my mother •
He has a new car •
A sentence usually starts with
a capital letter and ends with
.full stop
sentences may also end :
!
. with ? Or
.
Ali is my friend •
? Do you a have a baby •
Capitalization
Rules of capitalization vary and extends

But, there are 6 important rules of what to

.capitalize
First word in a sentence -1

:.I.E

My teacher’s name is Ahmed

Pronoun ( I -2 (

I can speak English

Names of People, titles -3

.King Salman
.Queen Elizabeth
.Mr. Turki
.Dr Jim
Names of nationalities, languages , -4
.religions and ethnic groups

.Sara is Spanish
.I can’t speak French
.Islam is always right
.Arabs are spread in 22 countries
Names of schools, colleges, universities -5

courses and courses with numbers

.I study at Dammam College of Technology

.King Fahad University is in Dhahran

.We study English 102 this semester

Places such as: countries, regions, cities -6
.., villages, rivers, seas, oceans, streets etc
,Bahrain, London, Bicester village
Times River
. Red Sea
The Atlantic
Oxford Street
? Questions
 EXERCISE

FIND MISSING SUBJECTS

AND VERBS
Larry's Bad habit

My friend Larry has a bad habit. He never on time to anything.

Arrives ten minutes late everywhere. Larry always an excuse. "I
missed the bus." "My alarm clock didn't ring." "My watch stopped."
Uses each excuse at least twice a week. I know them all.
Whenever Larry rushes in --ten minutes late, of course---and starts
to say, "Sorry I'm late, but I..."
I can finish the sentence for him. However, I recently discovered a
new strategy. If the movie starts at 7:00, I tell Larry it starts at 6:45.
.Then he early! Larry's bad habit not a problem for me any longer
My friend Larry has a bad habit. He IS never on time to anything. HE
arrives ten minutes late everywhere. Larry always HAS an excuse, "I
missed the bus, my alarm clock didn't ring, my watch stopped." HE
uses each excuse at least twice a week. I know them all.
Whenever Larry rushes in-ten minutes late, of course-and starts to
say, "Sorry I'm late, but I...",
I can finish the sentence for him. However, I recently discovered a
new strategy. If the movie starts at 7:00, I tell Larry it starts at 6:45.
Then he IS early! Larry's bad habit IS not a problem for me any
.longer
my favorite books are green eggs and ham and horton .1
.hears a who
on sunday, i will see the movie star wars and eat at taco .2
.bell
.terry and louis went to central park last july .3
.she has a friend from london, england .4
did you know that abraham lincoln was the sixteenth .5
?president
My favorite books are Green Eggs and Horton Hears a.1
.Who
On Sunday, I will see the movie Star Wars and eat at .2
.Taco Bell
.Terry and Louis went to Central Park last July .3
.She has a friend from London, England .4
Did you know that Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth .5
?president