Internal Combustion Engines

Engine Cycles
Lecture 2

Internal Combustion Engines 1

Engine Cycles : 2
Outline
In this lecture we will:
• Analyse the Air Standard Diesel Cycle.
• Analyse the Air Standard Dual Cycle.
• Compare and comment on the three air
standard cycles.

Internal Combustion Engines 2

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Diesel Cycle
• 1-2: Isentropic 1000
2 3
compression 900

800

• 2-3: Constant 700

pressure 600

Pressure (kPa)
heat addition
500

400

• 3-4: Isentropic 300 4

expansion 200

100

• 4-1: Constant volume 0

1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

heat rejection Volume (cc)

Internal Combustion Engines 3

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Diesel Cycle
• Compression Ratio 1000
2 3
= V1/V2 900

800

700
• Displacement Volume 600

Pressure (kPa)
= V1-V2 500

400

4
• Clearance Volume 300

200

= V2 100

0
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
• Cut-off Ratio (  ) Volume (cc)

= V3/V2
Internal Combustion Engines 4
Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Diesel Cycle
• Same analysis and 1000
2 3
equations that apply for 900

800
the Otto cycle, apply 700

for the Diesel cycle 600

Pressure (kPa)
during the 500

compression, 400

300 4
expansion and heat 200

rejection strokes. 100

0
1
• The difference is in the 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Volume (cc)

heat addition stroke.

Internal Combustion Engines 5

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Diesel Cycle
• For the constant 1000
2 3
pressure heat addition 900

800
process 2-3: 700

Q = m cp (T3-T2) 600

Pressure (kPa)
500

400

• Note that heat addition 300 4

200

takes place at a 100

1
constant pressure, and 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

so cp is used instead Volume (cc)

of
c
Internal Combustion Engines
v. Cycles : 2
Engine
6
 Air Standard Diesel Cycle
1000
2 3
900
/q
t = w net 800

700
in
t = 1 – (qout/ qin) 600

Pressure (kPa)
500

t = 1– [cv(T4-T1)/ cp(T3-T2)]
400

300 4
200

t = 1– [(T4-T1)/ (T3-T2)] 100

1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Volume (cc)

Internal Combustion Engines 7

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Diesel Cycle
• substituting with rc and 1000

 and rearranging: 900

2 3
800
-1
t = 1 – (1/ rc) 700

600

Pressure (kPa)
500

.K 400

K = ( -1) / [ ( - 300 4
Where, 200
1)] 100

0
1
• Note that as 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Volume (cc)

 →1, K→ 0,
 t diesel
Internal → t otto
Combustion Engines 8
Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Dual (Mixed) Cycle
• 1-2: Isentropic 3000
3 4
compression
• 2-3 : Constant volume
2500

heat addition 2000

Pressure (kPa)
• 3-4 : Constant pressure 1500

heat addition
1000 5
• 4-5 : Isentropic 2
expansion 500

• 5-1 : Constant volume 0 1

heat rejection
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

Internal Combustion Engines 9

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Dual (Mixed) Cycle
• Compression Ratio 3000
3 4
= V1/V 2
2500

• Displacement Volume
= V1-V2
2000

Pressure (kPa)
• Clearance Volume 1500

= V2 = V3 1000 5
2
• Cut-off Ratio (  ) 500

= V4/V3 1
0

• Pressure Ratio () 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

=P3/P2
Internal Combustion Engines 10
Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Dual (Mixed) Cycle
• The same analyses and 3000
3 4
equations used for the
2500
analysis of the Otto and
Diesel cycles are 2000

Pressure (kPa)
applied for the Dual 1500

cycle.
1000 5
• The difference is that 2

heat addition takes 500

place on two stages: 0 1

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
constant volume & Volume (cc)

constant pressure
Internal Combustion Engines 11
Engine Cycles : 2
 Air Standard Dual (Mixed) Cycle
3000
3 4
t = 1 – (qout/ qin) 2500

t = 1– [cv(T5-T1)/
2000

Pressure (kPa)
cv(T3-T2) + cp(T4-T3)]
1500

1000 5
2
t = 1– [(T5-T1)/ 500

(T3-T2) + (T4-T3)] 0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

Internal Combustion Engines 12

Engine Cycles : 2
Air Standard Dual (Mixed) Cycle
• Substituting with rc,  3000
3 4
and  and rearranging:
2500

-1
t = 1 – (1/ rc) . 2000

Pressure (kPa)
1500

Where, 1000 5
2

K = [  -1] / 500

[ ( - 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1

1)+ -1] Volume (cc)

Internal Combustion Engines 13

Engine Cycles : 2
Comparison of Ideal Cycles
• If comparison is drawn on the basis of the
same compression ratio:

Otto  Dual Diesel

• However, if comparison is drawn on the

basis of the peak pressure and the
compression ratio is left as a free
parameter:
Otto  Dual Diesel
Internal Combustion Engines 14
Engine Cycles : 2
Comparison of Ideal Cycles

0.7

0.6

0.5
Efficiency

0.4 Mixed
Otto
0.3 Diesel

0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20
Compression Ratio

Internal Combustion Engines 15

Engine Cycles : 2
Comparison of Ideal Cycles
• This implies that the most efficient engine
would ideally operate on Otto cycle but
with very high compression ratios.

• In reality, diesel engines do not operate on

the Diesel cycle. They operate on a cycle
similar to the dual cycle with a low value
for the cut-off ratio.

Internal Combustion Engines 16

Engine Cycles : 2