MODELING

&
ROLE
MODELING
Your Name

• HELEN C. ERICKSON was born in 1936 (87 yrs old)

• She currently leave in Texas where she is a Professor Emeritus

at the University of Texas at Austin

 1957-Diploma
Saginaw general Hospital School of nursing
 1974-BSN
The University of Michigan
 1976-MS in psychiatric and medical-surgical nursing
The University of Michigan
 1984-PhD in Educational Psychology
The university of Michigan
 PROFFESIONAL EXPERIENCE
Your Name
 Emergency room and medical-surgical
nursing: Texas, Michigan

 Director of Health services, InterAmerican

University, San German, Puerto Rico
 Independent Holistic Nurse Practitioner:
Michigan South Carolina, Texas
 Faculty/administrator: The University of
Michigan, University of South Carolina, The
University of Texas
 Professor Emerita: The University
of Texas
 EVELYN M. TOMLIN
Your Name
• 1929 TO P RESENT
A U.S. Nursing who with
Helen Erickson and
Mary Ann Swain
develop and publishes
the grand Nursing Theory
of Modeling and
Role-Modeling
 EVELYN M. TOMLIN
Your Name
Educational Background:

 She received her bachelor of science degree in

nursing at the University of Southern
California, Los Angeles.

 She received a master of science degree in

psychiatric nursing from the University of
Michigan in 1976
 EVELYN M. TOMLIN
Professional Experiences
Your Name
 She began as a clinical instructor at Los Angeles County General Hospital School of
Nursing and later lived in Kabul, Afghanistan
 She then served as a school nurse and practiced family nursing in the overseas American
and European communities where she lived.
 After she established medical services at the United States Embassy Hospital, she
practiced as a staff nurse.
 She was employed by the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
At the VNA, she was coordinator and clinical instructor for student practical nurses.
 She was a staff nurse in a coronary care unit and respiratory intensive care unit, and was
Head Nurse in the emergency department at St. Joseph’s Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor.
 She later taught fundamentals of nursing as Assistant Professor in the RN Studies
Program at the University of Michigan. During this time, she served as mental health
consultant to the pediatric nurse practitioner program at the University of Michigan
 MARRY ANN P. SWAIN
Your Name
1941-present
She received her bachelor of arts degree in
psychology from DePauw University in Greencastle,
Indiana, and her master of science and doctoral
degrees from the University of Michigan, both in the
field of psychology.

She became the Director of the Doctoral Program in

Nursing in 1975 and served in that capacity for 1
year. She was Chairperson of Nursing Research from
1977 to 1982. In 1983, she became Associate Vice
President for Academic Affairs at the University of
Michigan (M. Swain, curriculum vitae, February
1988).
 Modeling And Role Modeling

Your Name -This Theory was developed by developed by

Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann p.
Swain.

-The Theory was published in the book “Modeling

and Role Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for Nursing
“, in 1983.

-The Theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling

enables nurses to care for and nurture each client with an
awareness of and respect of the individual’s uniqueness.
 Modeling And Role-Modeling

Your Name
02 -Care is offered that recognizes that clients have the
knowledge and ability to understand what has made them
sick, as well as what will make them well.
 Modeling

Your Name

“Modeling” is to gain an understanding of the client’s

world from the client’s perspective. That is to build a
“model” of the client’s world view.

Modeling occurs as the nurse accepts and understands

her clients.
 Role Modeling

Your Name
-Occurs when nurse plan and implement interventions
that are unique for the client.

-The nurse facilitates and nurtures the individual in

attaining, maintaining , promoting health through
purposeful interventions is called as “role modeling”.

-Role Modeling starts when the nurse moves from the

analysis place of the nursing process to the planning of
nursing interventions.
 Theoretical Sources

Your Name
The concepts of the theory were drawn from the work of:

-Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs

-Erickson’s theory of psychosocial stages
-Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
-General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
by Selye and Lazarus
 MAJOR CONCEPT
COMMONALITIES:
People are like because of their:
Your Name
 Holism
 Basic needs
 Lifetime growth and development
 Affiliated-Individuation
DIFFERENCES
People are different because of their:
 Inherent endowment
 Adaptation
 Adaptation Potential
 Self Care(knowledge, Resources and Action)
 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS
-Development processes are sequential tasks, strengths,
Your Name and virtues that are assocciated with biological time.

-individual moves through stages in life, relying on

occrued resources to meet needs.

-Lower-level needs must be met before high-level needs

(required for survival).

• Not meeting needs-tension

• Meeting needs-facilities growth
 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS
• 2 types of stress responses:
Your Name

 Arousal-adequate resources available

 Impoverishment-inadequate resources available (at
great risk of stress-illness, disease, and or physical
death)

• Adaptation;needs met, diminished stress, and new

resources built.
 PERSON
Your Name
 Human beings are holistic persons with interacting
subsystems (biophysical, psychological, social, and
cognitive) and inherent genetic bases and spiritual drive.
ENVIRONMENT
 Environment is not identified in the theory as an entity of
its own.
 The interaction between self and others both cultural and
individual.
 Internal and external stressors and resources for adapting
to stressors.
 HEALTH
 Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being
Your Name
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
 It connotates a state of dynamic equilibrium among the
various subsystems (of a holistic person).
NURSING
Nurse-client relationship is an interactive and interpersonal
process that aids the individual to identify, mobilize and
develop his/her own strengths.
In the process of assisting client to achieve holistic healt,
the nurse must nurtures the client; facilitate and accept the
client unconditionally.
 NURSING ACTIONS
Your Name
 Nurses help patients, to facilitate their own health by
guiding them to identify and develop their own strength to
improve health.
 The nurse nurtures the patient by supporting him or her to
integrate all physical, psychological and spiritual systems
in the process toward health.
 The nurse accepts each patient as a worthwhile person.
 5 Goals of Interventions
The theory states five goals of nursing interventions as:
1) Build trust
Your Name 2) Promote client’s positive orientation
3) Promote client’s control
4) Affirm and promote client’s strength
5) Set mutual, health-directed goals
AIM OF THEORY
 The theory enables the nurse to care for and nurture each client with
an awareness of and respect for the individual’s uniqueness.
 It’s based on the client’s needs.
 Client’s have the ability and knowledge to understand what has made
them sick.
 It empowers the patient to grow to heal.
 Summary
 Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Ann Swain
Your Name developed the Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory.
 They view nursing as a self-care model based on the
clients perception of the world and adaptations to
stressors.
 They asserted that each individual is unique and has
some self-care knowledge and needs.
 Nurse in this theory, facilitates, nurture and accept the
person unconditionally.
 The nurse model (assesses), role models (plans), and
intervenes in this interpersonal and interactive theory.
Your Name

Thank You
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