CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
(BLOOD TRANSPORT)

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INTRODUCTION
 The
cardiovascular system consists of heart
and blood vessels
 Sends blood to
 Lungs for oxygen
 Digestive system for nutrients

 CV system also circulates waste products to

certain organ systems for removal from the
blood

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES
 Cone-shaped organ
about the size of a loose
fist
 In the mediastinum
 Extends from the level
of the second rib to
about the level of the
sixth rib
 Slightly left of the
midline
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THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)

 Heart is bordered:
 Laterally by the lungs
 Posteriorly by the vertebral
column
 Anteriorly by the sternum

 Rests on the diaphragm

inferiorly

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES
(CONT.)
 Heart coverings  Heart walls:
 Pericardium  Epicardium
 Covers the heart and large  Outermost layer
blood vessels attached to  Fat to cushion heart

the heart
 Myocardium
 Visceral pericardium
 Middle layer
 Innermost layer  Primarily cardiac muscle

 Directly on the heart

 Endocardium
 Parietal pericardium  Innermost layer
 Layer on top of the  Thin and smooth
visceral pericardium  Stretches as the heart pumps

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PERICARDIUM

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)
 Four chambers
 Two atria Two ventricles
Upper chambers Lower chambers
Left and right
Left and right
Separated by
Separated by
interatrial septum interventricular
septum

 Atrioventricular septum separates the atria

from the ventricles

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 27-11

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)

 Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back

into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
 Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
 Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the right ventricle
 Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into
the left ventricle

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THE HEART: CARDIAC CYCLE
 One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle
 Atria contract and relax
 Ventricles contract and relax

 Right atrium contracts

 Tricuspid valve opens
 Left atrium contracts
 Bicuspid valve opens
 Blood fills right ventricle
 Blood fills left ventricle
 Right ventricle contracts
 Tricuspid valve closes
 Left ventricle contracts
 Pulmonary semilunar valve  Bicuspid valve closes
opens  Aortic semilunar valve opens
 Blood flows into pulmonary  Blood pushed into aorta
artery

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THE HEART: CARDIAC CYCLE (CONT.)
 Influenced by
Exercise
Parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Cardiac control center
Body temperature
Potassium ions
Calcium ions

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THE HEART: HEART SOUNDS
 One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when
valves in the heart snap shut
 Lubb – First sound
 When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap
shut
 Dubb – Second sound
 When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap
shut

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THE HEART: CARDIAC CONDUCTION
SYSTEM
 Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart

 Sinoatrial node (SA node)

 Wall of right atrium
 Generates impulse
 Natural pacemaker
 Sends impulse to AV node

 Atrioventricular node (AV node)

 Between atria just above ventricles
 Atria contract
 Sends impulse to the bundle of His

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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Match the following: ANSWER:

__
C Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers

__
F Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta

__
B Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

__
E SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles

__
A Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker

__ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
D

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BLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES

Arterioles
 Strongest of the
Small branches of
blood vessels
arteries
 Carry blood away  Aorta
from the heart Takes blood from the
 Pressure heart to the body
 Vasoconstriction  Coronary arteries
 Supply blood to heart
Vasodilation
muscle

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BLOOD VESSELS: VEINS AND
VENULES
 Blood under no pressure in
veins
 Does not move very easily
 Skeletal muscle contractions
help move blood
 Sympathetic nervous system
also influences pressure
 Valves prevent backflow
 Venules
 Small vessels formed when
capillaries merge
 Superior and inferior vena
cava
 Largest veins
 Carry blood into right atrium
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 27-25

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BLOOD VESSELS: CAPILLARIES
 Branches of arterioles
 Smallest type of blood vessel
 Connect arterioles to venules
 Only about one cell layer thick
 Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a
body cell
 Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a
body cell into a capillary

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BLOOD
 A type of connective Average-sized
Average-sized adult adult has
has
tissue 44 to

to 66 liters
liters of
of blood
blood
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
Amount
Amountdepends
dependson:
on:
 Size of person
 White blood cells Size of person
(leukocytes)  Amount of adipose tissue
Amount of adipose tissue
 Platelets – cell  Concentrations of ions
Concentrations of ions
fragments
 Females have less than
 Plasma – fluid part of Females have less than
blood
males
males

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BLOOD COMPONENTS
 Hematocrit
 Thepercentage of red blood cells
 Normal is about 45%

 White cells and

platelets = 1%

 Plasma = 55%

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: RED BLOOD CELLS
 Erythrocytes
 Transport oxygen throughout the body
 Small biconcave-shaped cells
 Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs
 Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red
 Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; darker red,
carries carbon dioxide, so also called carboxyhemoglobin
 Erythropoietin – regulates production of RBCs

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: RED BLOOD CELLS
(CONT.)

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 Granulocytes
 Neutrophils (55%) –destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
the bloodstream (phagocytes)
 Eosinophils (3%) – get rid of parasitic infections such as
worm infections
 Basophils (1%) – control inflammation and allergic reactions

 Agranulocytes
 Monocytes (8%) – destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
blood
 Lymphocytes (33%) – provide immunity for the body

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(CONT.)
 WBC count normally 5000 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter
of blood
Leukocytosis
 Elevated WBC count
 Usually due to infection

Leukopenia
 Low WBC count
 Some viral infections and other conditions

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: PLATELETS
 Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream
 Also called thrombocytes
 Important in the clotting process of blood
 Normal count
 150,000 to 350,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood

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BLOOD COMPONENTS: PLASMA

 Liquid portion of blood  Nutrients

composed mostly of water  Amino acids
 Proteins  Glucose

  Nucleotides
Albumins
 Smallest plasma proteins  Lipids from the digestive
 Pull water in to help maintain tract
blood pressure  Gases – oxygen, carbon
 Globulins – transport lipids dioxide, and nitrogen
and fat-soluble vitamins
 Electrolytes
 Fibrinogen – needed for blood
clotting  Waste products

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BLOOD: BLEEDING CONTROL

 Hemostasis – the
control of bleeding
 Three processes of
hemostasis
 Blood vessel spasm
 Platelet plug formation
 Blood coagulation

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Platelet plug
formation:

27-
37

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BLOOD TYPES
 Types are distinguished
by antigen and antibodies

 Agglutination
 Clumping of red blood
cells
 Antigens on surface of
RBCs bind to antibodies in
plasma

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BLOOD TYPES (CONT.)
Blood Type Antigen Antibody Blood That Can
Present Present Be Received
A A B A and O

B B A B and O

AB AB None A, B, AB, and O

O None A and B O

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BLOOD TYPES (CONT.)
 Rh antigen – protein on  Rh-positive blood is
RBCs given to Rh-negative
person
 Rh-positive  Antibodies form
 RBCs contain the
Rh antigen  If Rh-negative person
receives more Rh-
 Rh-negative positive blood
 RBCs do not contain the  Antibodies bind to the
Rh antigen donor cells
 Agglutination occurs

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 APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

True or False: ANSWER:

F Hematocrit is the percentage of WBCs in the blood.
__ RBCs
T Neutrophils destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream.
__
T Platelets are important to the clotting process. pulls water into
__
F Albumin is a small plasma protein that pushes water out of the bloodstream.
__
T Hemostasis is the control of bleeding.
__ can receive any type of blood
F A person with type AB blood can only receive type AB blood.
__
T Blood should be matched for Rh factor.
__

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END OF CHAPTER

Your work is to
discover your
world and then
with all your
heart give
yourself to it.
~ Buddha

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