PRESENTATION

ON
 RADIO WAVES
 MODULATION

BY :- HARSH J PATIL
 CONTENTS
RADIO WAVES –
• WHAT IS RADIO WAVE?
• POLARIZATION
• FREQUENCY
• WAVELENGTH
• PHASE COMPARISON
MODULATION -
• WHAT IS MODULATION?
• TYPES OF MODULATION
 RADIO WAVE
WHAT IS RADIO WAVE??
• Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation
best-known for their use in communication
technologies, such as television, mobile phones and
radios. These devices receive radio waves and convert
them to mechanical vibrations in the speaker to create
sound waves.
• If a direct electric current (DC) is passed through a wire
then a magnetic field is generated around the wire
perpendicular to the current flow. This is known as
Electromagnetic Radiation.
PROPERTIES OF RADIO WAVE
1. TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE & FOLLOWS A GREAT
CIRCLE PATH
2. IN VACCUM SPEED OFF RADIO WAVE = 3 X 100000000 m/s
3. IT BENDS TOWARDS DENSER MEDIUM AND SPEEDS DOWN
4. IT REFLECT BACKS FROM AN OBJECT WHO’S HEIGHT IS
EQUAL OR MORE THAN HALF OF IT’S WAVELENGTH.
5. C = f X λ
6. IT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC IN NATURE
 POLARIZATION
ORIENTATION OF ELECTRIC COMPONENT IN A RADIO WAVE.

VERTICAL • ELECTRIC
COMPONENT
POLARIZATIO
• VERTICAL
MAGNETIC
N
COMPONENT
TYPES HORIZONTAL
• ELECTRIC
OF HORIZONTAL
COMPONENT
POLARIZATIO
POLARIZATI N
HORIZONTAL
• MAGNETIC
ON COMPONENT
BOTH KEEPS
VERTICAL
CIRCULAR ROTATING
POLARIZATIO CIRCULAR
N AROUND THE
 CREST & TROUGH

CREST:- THE HIGHEST POINT IN A RADIO WAVE

TROUGH:- THE LOWEST POINT IN A RADIO WAVE

 WAVELENGTH
• REPRESENTED BY – LAMBDA ( λ )
• UNIT – METRES ( m )
• ONE CREST + ONE TROUGH = ONE
WAVELENGTH
• ANY TWO CONSECUTIVE
TROUGHS AND CRESTS MAKE
ONE WAVELENGTH
• ANY OBJECT TO REFLECT BACK,
ITS HEIGHT SHOULD BE EQUAL
OR MORE THAN HALF OF THE
 FREQUENCY

• REPRESENTED BY – (f)
• UNIT – HERTZ ( Hz )
• NUMBER OF
WAVELENGTHS MAKES
A FREQUENCY
•f =cXλ
 PHASE COMPARISON
• FOR COMPARISON BOTH
SHOULD HAVE SAME
FREQUENCY
• REFERENCE WAVE SHOULD
START FROM 0
• VARIABLE WAVE CAN START
FROM ANY WHERE
• PHASE COPARISON =
REFERENCE – VARIABLE
 MODULATION
MODULATION IS THE PROCESS OF ADDING INFORMATION TO A RADIO WAVE

KEYED
ES MODULATIO AMPLITUDE
P
TY F MODULATIO
O ATIO N
D UL N
MO N PHASE
MODULATIO
N
FREQUENCY
PULSE MODULATIO
MODULATIO N
N
 KEYED MODULATION

• THE SIMPLEST WAY TO PUT ANY INFORMATION IN CARRIER WAVE IS TO SIMPLE

INTERRUPT THE WAVE IN SHORT AND LONG BURST OF ENERGY.
• IT IS DONE BY ARRANGING THE TRANSMISSIONS IN SHORT AND LONG PERIODS OF
TRANSMISSION.
• THIS IS DONE IN THE FORM OF MORSE CODE.
• THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS TELEGRAPHY AND THIS WAS THE ONLY FORM OF
MODULATION EARLIER.
• THIS IS ALSO USED NOWADAYS IN SOME NDB’s
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

• IN AMPLITUDE MODULATION THE AMPLITUDE OF THE AUDIO FREQUENCY (AF) MODIFIES THE
AMPLITUDE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY (RF)
• IT IS DONE BY 2 METHODS –
1. SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSB)
2. DOUBLE SIDEBAND (DSB)
• ADVANTAGES OF SSB OVER DSB
a. Double the number of channels available with double sideband
b. Better signal/noise ratio (less interference)
 FREQUENCY MODULATION

• In Frequency Modulation, the amplitude of the audio frequency

modifies the frequency of the carrier wave
 PHASE MODULATION

• In phase modulation the phase of the carrier wave is modified by the input signal
• THERE ARE TWO CASES ;-
1. first is where the input is an analogue signal when the phase of the carrier wave is modified by
the amplitude of the signal
2. secondly, with a digital signal it is known as phase shift keying, the phase change reflects a 0 or 1
 PULSE MODULATION

•Pulse modulation is used extensively in radar

systems
•for data exchange in communications systems.
•An intermittent carrier wave is formed by the
generation and transmission of a sequence of
short period pulses
THANKYOU