MECHATRONICS (ME591)

DR.MOSTAFA FOUZ
PRESENTED BY :
MAHMOUD SHERIF SABER 17104064
MARWAN SAMEH SALAH 17105656
MARWAN ALAA ELDEEN AGLAN 18106746
MOHAMED TAMER GHANAM 19204141
SEIF ELDEEN ABDELWAHAB 19204150
  POSITION SENSORS
 LINEAR
 LVDT
 ROTARY "ENCODERS"
 CONTACT

TOPICS TO  CONTACTLESS
 WORK BY LIGHT.

BE  PROXIMITY
 WORK BY MAGNETIC.

DISCUSSED: •
•
INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR.
OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENSOR.
• CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR.
• MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSOR.

• FORCE

• TEMPERATURE
• CONTACT
• CONTACTLESS

 PRESSURE

 FLOW
 POSITION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM:
LVDT :
• INTRO:
• THE LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT) (ALSO CALLED LINEAR
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT TRANSFORMER)IS A TYPE OF ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMER USED FOR MEASURING LINEAR DISPLACEMENT.

• ADVANTAGES:
• LVDTS ARE ROBUST; INHERENTLY FRICTIONLESS, THEY HAVE A VIRTUALLY INFINITE
CYCLE LIFE WHEN PROPERLY USED.
• AS AC OPERATED LVDTS DO NOT CONTAIN ANY ELECTRONICS, THEY CAN BE
DESIGNED TO OPERATE AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES OR UP TO 1200 °F (650 °C),
IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS, AND UNDER HIGH VIBRATION AND SHOCK LEVELS.

• EXAMPLES:
• LVDTS HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED IN APPLICATIONS SUCH AS POWER TURBINES,
HYDRAULICS, AUTOMATION, AIRCRAFT, SATELLITES, NUCLEAR REACTORS, AND
MANY OTHERS. THESE TRANSDUCERS HAVE LOW HYSTERESIS AND EXCELLENT
REPEATABILITY.
 OPERATION:
• THE LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER HAS THREE SOLENOIDAL COILS
PLACED END-TO-END AROUND A TUBE. THE CENTER COIL IS THE PRIMARY, AND THE
TWO OUTER COILS ARE THE TOP AND BOTTOM SECONDARIES. A CYLINDRICAL
FERROMAGNETIC CORE, ATTACHED TO THE OBJECT WHOSE POSITION IS TO BE
MEASURED, SLIDES ALONG THE AXIS OF THE TUBE. AN ALTERNATING CURRENT DRIVES
THE PRIMARY AND CAUSES A VOLTAGE TO BE INDUCED IN EACH SECONDARY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE LENGTH OF THE CORE LINKING TO THE SECONDARY.[3] THE
FREQUENCY IS USUALLY IN THE RANGE 1 TO 10 KHZ.
• AS THE CORE MOVES, THE PRIMARY'S LINKAGE TO THE TWO SECONDARY COILS
CHANGES AND CAUSES THE INDUCED VOLTAGES TO CHANGE. THE COILS ARE
CONNECTED SO THAT THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS THE DIFFERENCE (HENCE
"DIFFERENTIAL") BETWEEN THE TOP SECONDARY VOLTAGE AND THE BOTTOM
SECONDARY VOLTAGE. WHEN THE CORE IS IN ITS CENTRAL POSITION, EQUIDISTANT
BETWEEN THE TWO SECONDARIES, EQUAL VOLTAGES ARE INDUCED IN THE TWO
SECONDARY COILS, BUT THE TWO SIGNALS CANCEL, SO THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS
THEORETICALLY ZERO. IN PRACTICE MINOR VARIATIONS IN THE WAY IN WHICH THE
PRIMARY IS COUPLED TO EACH SECONDARY MEANS THAT A SMALL VOLTAGE IS
OUTPUT WHEN THE CORE IS CENTRAL.
ENCODERS
• A ROTARY ENCODER, ALSO CALLED A SHAFT ENCODER, IS AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT
CONVERTS THE ANGULAR POSITION OF A SHAFT TO ANALOG OR DIGITAL OUTPUT SIGNALS.
• THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF ROTARY ENCODER: ABSOLUTE AND INCREMENTAL. THE OUTPUT OF
AN ABSOLUTE ENCODER INDICATES THE CURRENT SHAFT POSITION, MAKING IT AN
ANGLE TRANSDUCER. THE OUTPUT OF AN INCREMENTAL ENCODER PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT
THE MOTION OF THE SHAFT, WHICH TYPICALLY IS PROCESSED ELSEWHERE INTO INFORMATION SUCH
AS POSITION, SPEED AND DISTANCE.
• ROTARY ENCODERS ARE USED IN A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE MONITORING OR
CONTROL, OR BOTH, OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING INDUSTRIAL CONTROLS, ROBOTICS,
PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES, COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES SUCH AS OPTOMECHANICAL MICE AND
TRACKBALLS, CONTROLLED STRESS RHEOMETERS, AND ROTATING RADAR PLATFORMS.
ABSOLUTE

• AN ABSOLUTE ENCODER MAINTAINS POSITION INFORMATION WHEN

POWER IS REMOVED FROM THE ENCODER. THE POSITION OF THE ENCODER
IS AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY ON APPLYING POWER. THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ENCODER VALUE AND THE PHYSICAL POSITION OF THE
CONTROLLED MACHINERY IS SET AT ASSEMBLY; THE SYSTEM DOES NOT
NEED TO RETURN TO A CALIBRATION POINT TO MAINTAIN POSITION
ACCURACY.
• AN ABSOLUTE ENCODER HAS MULTIPLE CODE RINGS WITH VARIOUS BINARY
WEIGHTINGS WHICH PROVIDE A DATA WORD REPRESENTING THE ABSOLUTE
POSITION OF THE ENCODER WITHIN ONE REVOLUTION. THIS TYPE OF
ENCODER IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS A PARALLEL ABSOLUTE ENCODER.
• A MULTI-TURN ABSOLUTE ROTARY ENCODER INCLUDES ADDITIONAL CODE
WHEELS AND TOOTHED WHEELS. A HIGH-RESOLUTION WHEEL MEASURES
THE FRACTIONAL ROTATION, AND LOWER-RESOLUTION GEARED CODE
WHEELS RECORD THE NUMBER OF WHOLE REVOLUTIONS OF THE SHAFT.
 INCREMENT
AL

• AN INCREMENTAL ENCODER WILL IMMEDIATELY REPORT CHANGES IN POSITION, WHICH IS AN

ESSENTIAL CAPABILITY IN SOME APPLICATIONS. HOWEVER, IT DOES NOT REPORT OR KEEP TRACK OF
ABSOLUTE POSITION. AS A RESULT, THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM MONITORED BY AN INCREMENTAL
ENCODER MAY HAVE TO BE HOMED (MOVED TO A FIXED REFERENCE POINT) TO INITIALIZE ABSOLUTE
POSITION MEASUREMENTS.
 INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SE
NSORS
• THE INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS ARE USEFUL
TO DETECT THE METALLIC OBJECT WHICH IS
PRESENT NEXT TO THEIR ACTIVE SIDE. THIS
SENSOR OPERATE UNDER THE ELECTRICAL
PRINCIPAL OF INDUCTANCE; WHERE A
FLUCTUATING CURRENT INDUCES AN
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE(EMF) IN A TARGET
OBJECT.
OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENS
ORS
• A COMPLETE OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENSORS
INCLUDES A LIGHT SOURCE, AND A SENSOR
THAT DETECTS THE LIGHT. THESE SENSORS
DETECT OBJECTS DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF
THEM BY THE DETECTING THE SENSOR’S
OWN TRANSMITTED LIGHT REFLECTED BACK
FROM AN OBJECT’S SURFACE.
 CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
• THE CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS CAN
DETECT BOTH METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC
TARGETS IN POWDER, GRANULATE, LIQUID,
AND SOLID FORM. THE CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY
SENSORS USE THE VARIANCE IN THE
CAPACITANCE OF THE SENSOR TO CONCLUDED
THAT AN OBJECT HAS BEEN DETECTED.
MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSOR
• BASE ON THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLE, THIS
SENSOR ONLY DETECTS THE MAGNETIC FIELD(E.G.
PERMANENT MAGNET). THEY SENSE THE
PRESENCE OF A MAGNETIC OBJECT, COMMONLY
REFERRED TO AS THE TARGET. THE TARGET,
CHARACTERIZED BY ITS MAGNETIC FIELD, TRIGGERS
THE SWITCHING PROCESS; WHEN IT ENTERS THE
DETECTION RANGE OF THE SENSOR.
 PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL LOAD CELLS

• THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT. IN A PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELL TRANSDUCER,

A STRAIN IS APPLIED TO THE DEVICE, WHICH COMPRESSES A CRYSTAL
INSIDE THE UNIT. UNDER COMPRESSION, THE CRYSTAL OUTPUTS A
VOLTAGE, WHICH CAN THEN DRIVE AN EXTERNAL CIRCUIT.
• THE MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION OF PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELL
TRANSDUCERS IS SUCH THAT THE CELL IS CONSTRAINED TO MEASURE A
STRAIN ALONG ONE DIRECTION ONLY.
• PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELL TRANSDUCERS HAVE HIGH OUTPUT
IMPEDANCE AND SOME NATURAL FILTRATION DUE TO PARASITICS IN THE
DEVICE, SO THESE COMPONENTS ACT LIKE PROPORTIONAL VOLTAGE
SOURCES. SOME COMMERCIALIZED UNITS WILL INCLUDE AN INTEGRATED
MOSFET AMPLIFIER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING RC CIRCUIT, WHICH WILL
CONVERT THE OUTPUT TO THE STANDARD VOLTAGE RANGE USED IN
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS (0-10 V, OR 4-20 MA)
 STATIC AND DYNAMIC
STRAIN MEASUREMENTS
• WHEN A STATIC LOAD IS APPLIED, THE SEPARATED ELECTRIC CHARGE
GENERATED ACROSS THE CRYSTAL WILL HAVE SOME ASSOCIATED
POTENTIAL ENERGY, THUS THERE IS SOME VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE TWO
ELECTRODES IN THE DEVICE. UNFORTUNATELY, THE MATERIALS AND
CRYSTALS USED IN THESE DEVICES ARE NOT PERFECT INSULATORS, SO THE
EXCITED CHARGE WILL LEAK BETWEEN THE ELECTRODES AND WILL
RECOMBINE. THEREFORE, PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELL TRANSDUCERS ARE
NOT IDEAL FOR STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. A RESISTIVE LOAD CELL
IS A BETTER OPTION FOR STATIC MEASUREMENTS.
• PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELLS ARE BETTER FOR DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS,
WHERE THE APPLIED LOAD VARIES IN TIME. THIS CAN INVOLVE THE
MEASUREMENT OF A RAPIDLY CHANGING FORCE, IN WHICH CASE THESE
LOAD CELLS ACT AS ACCELEROMETERS.
• THEY CAN MEASURE A HARMONIC FORCE, WHERE THE MEASUREMENT IS
BEING GATHERED AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY. THESE SENSORS ARE OFTEN
USED FOR ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS.
• LIKE THE MAJORITY OF REAL DEVICES, PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD CELL
TRANSDUCERS HAVE SOME FREQUENCY RESPONSE SPECTRUM, AND THERE
IS A REGION OF FREQUENCIES WHERE THESE DEVICES ARE MOST SENSITIVE.
THE GRAPH BELOW SHOWS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF PIEZOELECTRIC LOAD
CELL SENSITIVITY ON A LOG-LOG PLOT.
 LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETER
• THE LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETER HAS A GLASS BULB
ATTACHED TO A SEALED GLASS TUBE (ALSO CALLED THE
STEM OR CAPILLARY TUBE).
• A VERY THIN OPENING, CALLED A BORE, EXISTS FROM THE
BULB AND EXTENDS DOWN THE CENTER OF THE TUBE.
• THE BULB IS TYPICALLY FILLED WITH EITHER MERCURY
OR RED- COLOURED ALCOHOL AND IS FREE TO EXPAND
AND RISE UP INTO THE TUBE WHEN THE TEMPERATURE
INCREASES, AND TO CONTRACT AND MOVE DOWN THE
TUBE WHEN THE TEMPERATURE DECREASES.
• IN THE LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETERS (LIG) THE
THERMALLY SENSITIVE ELEMENT IS A LIQUID CONTAINED
IN A GRADUATED GLASS ENVELOPE.
• THE PRINCIPLE USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE IS THAT
OF THE APPARENT THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE LIQUID.
• ADVANTAGES:
• THEY ARE CHEAPER THAN OTHER
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES.
• THEY ARE HANDY AND CONVENIENT TO USE.
• UNLIKE ELECTRICAL THERMOMETERS, THEY
DO NOT NECESSITATE POWER SUPPLY OR
BATTERIES FOR CHARGING.
• THEY PROVIDE VERY GOOD REPEATABILITY
AND THEIR CALIBRATION REMAINS
UNAFFECTED.
• DISADVANTAGES:
• THEY ARE CONSIDERED INAPT FOR
APPLICATIONS INVOLVING EXTREMELY HIGH
OR LOW TEMPERATURES.
• THEY CAN NOT BE APPLIED IN REGIONS WHERE
HIGHLY ACCURATE RESULTS ARE DESIRABLE.
• THEY ARE VERY WEAK AND DELICATE. SO,
THEY MUST BE HANDLED WITH EXTRA CARE
BECAUSE THEY ARE LIKELY TO BREAK.
• THEY CAN NOT PROVIDE DIGITAL AND
AUTOMATED RESULTS
 • MERCURY:
• THIS TYPE OF THERMOMETER WAS DEVELOPED BY A GERMAN BASED PHYSICIST
NAMED DANIEL GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT.
• IT CONSISTS OF MERCURY AS A LIQUID FILLED IN A GLASS TUBE. ON THE BODY OF THE
GLASS TUBE, CALIBRATED MARKS ARE PROVIDED WHICH FACILITATES THE READING OF
TEMPERATURE.
• A BULB IS FORMED AT ONE END OF THE THERMOMETER WHICH CONTAINS THE LARGEST
TYPES : PART OF MERCURY.
• THE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF THIS MERCURY SIZE IS THEN FURTHER
-ALCOHOL INCREASED IN THE EXTREMELY THIN BORE OF THE GLASS TUBE. IT AIDS IN INCREASING
THERMOMETERS THE SENSITIVITY OF THE THERMOMETER.
-MERCURY • ALCOHOL:
THERMOMETERS
• ALCOHOL THERMOMETERS ARE REPLACING MERCURY
THERMOMETERS IN MANY APPLICATIONS.
• THEY EMPLOY ALCOHOL AS THE FILLED IN LIQUID IN GLASS TUBES.
THE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT RANGE OF ALCOHOL
THERMOMETERS VARIES FROM 115°C TO 785°C, WHERE FORMER IS THE
FREEZING TEMPERATURE POINT OF ALCOHOL AND LATTER IS BOILING
TEMPERATURE POINT OF ALCOHOL.
• A TYPICAL THERMOMETER FOR GETTING ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE READINGS IS REQUIRED TO HAVE A TEMPERATURE
 THANK YOU

A BIG THANKS TO OUR AMAZING DR.

MOSTAFA FOUZ WHO HELPED US TO
BE A CREATIVE AND SMART
ENGINEERS TO BE…