CCN - S

Assignment - 2

SANIA TUFAIL [70040080]

Section - S
Q1 Briefly explain the following digital-to-analog conversion techniques:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents

the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude of a signal.
Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK
modulated, gives a zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier
output for High input.

ASK Modulator

The ASK modulator comprises of the carrier signal generator, the binary sequence
from the message signal and the band-limited filter.
The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-frequency carrier. The binary
sequence from the message signal makes the unipolar input to be either High or
Low. The high signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier wave. Hence, the output
will be the carrier signal at high input. When there is low input, the switch opens,
allowing no voltage to appear. Hence, the output will be low.
The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase
characteristics of the band-limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.

ASK Demodulator

There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques. They are −

 Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection

 Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock frequency at
the receiver, it is known as a Synchronous method, as the frequency gets
synchronized. Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in

phase by 90 degrees (i.e. sine and cosine) are modulated and combined. As a result
of their 90° phase difference they are in quadrature and this gives rise to the name.
Often one signal is called the In-phase or “I” signal, and the other is the quadrature
or “Q” signal.

The resultant overall signal consisting of the combination of both I and Q carriers
contains of both amplitude and phase variations. In view of the fact that both
 amplitude and phase variations are present it may also be considered as a mixture of
amplitude and phase modulation.

A motivation for the use of quadrature amplitude modulation comes from the fact
that a straight amplitude modulated signal, i.e. double sideband even with a
suppressed carrier occupies twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal. This is
very wasteful of the available frequency spectrum. QAM restores the balance by
placing two independent double sideband suppressed carrier signals in the same
spectrum as one ordinary double sideband supressed carrier signal.

Q2 Briefly explain the following analog-to-analog conversion techniques:

Frequency Modulation
To generate a frequency modulated signal, the frequency of the radio carrier is
changed in line with the amplitude of the incoming audio signal.

Frequency Modulation, FM
When the audio signal is modulated onto the radio frequency carrier, the new radio
frequency signal moves up and down in frequency. The amount by which the signal
moves up and down is important. It is known as the deviation and is normally quoted
as the number of kilohertz deviation. As an example the signal may have a deviation
of plus and minus 3 kHz, i.e. ±3 kHz. In this case the carrier is made to move up and
down by 3 kHz.

Broadcast stations in the VHF portion of the frequency spectrum between 88.5 and
108 MHz use large values of deviation, typically ±75 kHz. This is known as wide-band
FM (WBFM). These signals are capable of supporting high quality transmissions, but
occupy a large amount of bandwidth. Usually 200 kHz is allowed for each wide-band
FM transmission. For communications purposes less bandwidth is used. Narrow
band FM (NBFM) often uses deviation figures of around ±3 kHz.

It is narrow band FM that is typically used for two-way radio communication

applications. Having a narrower band it is not able to provide the high quality of the
wideband transmissions, but this is not needed for applications such as mobile radio
communication.

Phase Modulation

Phase modulation (PM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current

(AC) waveform by varying the instantaneous phase of the wave. This scheme can be
used with analog or digital data.
In analog PM, the phase of the AC signal wave, also called the carrier, varies in a
continuous manner. Thus, there are infinitely many possible carrier phase states.
When the instantaneous data input waveform has positive polarity, the carrier phase
shifts in one direction; when the instantaneous data input waveform has negative
polarity, the carrier phase shifts in the opposite direction. At every instant in time,
the extent of carrier-phase shift is directly proportional to the extent to which the
signal amplitude is positive or negative.

In digital PM, the carrier phase shifts abruptly, rather than continuously back and
forth. The number of possible carrier phase states is usually a power of2. If there are
only two possible phase states, the mode is called bi-phase modulation. In more
complex modes, there can be four, eight, or more different phase states. Each phase
angle represents a specific digital input data state.

Phase modulation is similar in practice to frequency modulation (FM). When the

instantaneous phase of a carrier is varied, the instantaneous frequency changes as
well. The converse also holds: When the instantaneous frequency is varied, the
instantaneous phase changes. But PM and FM are not exactly equivalent, especially
in analog applications. When an FM receiver is used to demodulate a PM signal, or
when an FM signal is intercepted by a receiver designed for PM, the audio is
distorted. This is because the relationship between phase and frequency variations is
not linear that is, phase and frequency do not vary in direct proportion.