1- Spectrophotometer: To measure the wavelength of patients

macromolecules.
Q1- Name the rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle?
Carbomyal phosphate synthase

Q2- Why urea cycle occurs only in liver?

Because urea is a wasteproduct and all toxic substances metabolism
occurs in liver to become less toxic to body.
1- Molish test

2- It is general test to detect the carbohydrates

3- 10% alcoholic alpha-naphthol and molish reagent

4- Carbohydrate undergo dehydration by sulphuric acid to form furfural.

That react with alpha-naphthol to form a violet color product.
1- Maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent.

2- Examples: water, acetic acid, ethanol and methanol

1- Urea cycle link with TCA cycle
-Fumarate(step 3 of TCA)
-Transamination of oxaloacetate to aspartate

2- Hyperammonia= excess of ammonia in the blood which can cause

injury to the brain
1- Heme oxygenase converts heme into bilirubin

2- Bilirubin is conjugated with gluconic acid by glucoronyltransferase

enzyme
1- lactose

2- 6.5- 6.7 (slightly acidic)

3- colostrum

4- carbohydrate, high in protein, high in antibodies

1- Macromolecular biological catalysts

2- Major classes of enzymes

3- Oxidoreductases, tranferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and

ligases

4- Energy of activation: Amount of energy required to start a reaction.

4-

5- Km= substrate concentration (Michaelis constant)

1- Glycolysis of TCA cycle

2- Phosphofructokinase step is rate limiting step of glycolysis.

3- Starvation and exercise increase the rate of breakdown of glycogen

4- Phosphorylated derivative of glucose

• 1- sunlight, milk, fish, meat

• 2- rickets and osteomalacia

1- Inhibiting enolase of glycolysis is inhibited by fluoride

2- It acts as an anticoagulant.
1- Biuret test for positive coagulation and full saturation test.

2- Albumin and casein gives negative result.

1- Opsins is conjugated protein present in rods

2- 11 cis- retinol changed into all trans retinol rhodopsin.

• Glycolysis cycle
1- Iron

2- inadequate dietary intake

3- Health problem due to diabetes , poor absorption, chronic diarrhea

1- Rickets

2- vit D dihydrocholcal ciferol

3- 1,25

4- sunlight, milk, fish, meat

5- vit D and K
1- Carohydrates: Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of the higher polyhydric alcohols

2- Monosaccharides, dissacharides, poly and oligosaccharides

3- Aldosugar:
• Aldehyde grp is always present
• Carbon no 1
• Example: glyceraldehyde

Ketosugar:
• Keto group always present at C2
• Example: Dihydroxy acetone
4- Aldo pentose: ribose
Keto pentose: ribulose

5- In ATP: ribose
In nucleic acids: ribose and deoxyribose
• 1- Glucose, protein, ketone(ketoneuria), RBCs, bilirubin

• 2- Urine glucose test

1- Benedicts test

2- It is a test used to differentiate between reducing and non reducing sugars.

3- Reducing Sugar: Reduce to tollens, benedicts or fehlings reagent

OR which has a free aldehyde or free ketone group

4- Example: lactose, glucose, fructose, and galactose.

5- Glucose+ fructose= sucrose

2- Organic solvent

3- gasoline, benzene, diethylether

4- Liquids are non polar molecules which means their ends are not
charged because they are non polar and water is polar
1- Diabetes mellitus

2- insulin, glucagon

3- 160- 180 mg/dl

4- glucagon

5- Diabetesmellitus and diabetes insipidus

1- Linear sequence of amino acid

2- alpha-helix, beta plated sheath

3- hydrogen bond
Disulphide bond
Nonpolar hydrophobic interaction
Salt bridges
1- Swelling in leg:
• Ideopathic anemia
• Liver failure
• Leg vein obstruction

2- Streptococcus pneumoniae

3- most often in the feet, ankles and legs but often in face, hand and
abdomen.
1- Rhematoid arthritis

2- stiffness, pain in motion, swelling, deformity

1- Normality: is equal to the number of mole equivalent to one liter of
solution
Normality = gram of equivalent weight/ liter of solution

2- HCL, distilled water and resorcinol (0.05%)

• 1- galactose

• 2- by the digestion and provides energy

1- brain and liver

2- brain
1- disulphide, hydrogen bond, salt bridges and ionic interaction

2- simple, conjugated and derived proteins

1- Enzyme that catalyse is phosphohexose isomerase/ glucohexose
isomerase. It is alternative.

2- Glucose oxidative pathway and it is used for the production of ribose

for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.
Most important production of energy of RBC and NADPH production