Chapter 8

Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverters

• converters for ac motor drives and

uninterruptible power supplies
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-1
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• Block diagram of a motor drive where the power

flow is unidirectional
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-2
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• Block diagram of a motor drive where the power

flow can be bi-directional
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-3
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• Four quadrants of operation

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 One Leg of a Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• The mid-point shown is fictitious

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-5

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Synthesis of a Sinusoidal Output by PWM

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-6

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Details of a Switching Time Period

• Control voltage can be assumed constant during

a switching time-period
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-7
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Harmonics in the DC-AC Inverter Output
Voltage

• Harmonics appear around the carrier frequency

and its multiples
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-8
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Harmonics due to Over-modulation

• These are harmonics of the fundamental

frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-9

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Output voltage Fundamental as a Function
of the Modulation Index

• Shows the linear and the over-modulation

regions; square-wave operation in the limit
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-10
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Square-Wave Mode of Operation

• Harmonics are of the fundamental frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-11

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Half-Bridge Inverter

• Capacitors provide the mid-point

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-12

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Single-Phase Full-Bridge DC-AC Inverter

• Consists of two inverter legs

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-13

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 PWM to Synthesize Sinusoidal Output

• The dotted curve is the desired output; also the

fundamental frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-14
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Analysis assuming Fictitious Filters

• Small fictitious filters eliminate the switching-

frequency related ripple

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-15

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 DC-Side Current

• Bi-Polar Voltage switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-16
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Output Waveforms:
Uni-polar Voltage
Switching

• Harmonic
components around
the switching
frequency are absent

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-17

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 DC-Side Current in a Single-Phase Inverter

• Uni-polar voltage switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-18

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Sinusoidal Synthesis by Voltage Shift

• Phase shift allows voltage cancellation to

synthesize a 1-Phase sinusoidal output
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-19
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Single-Phase Inverter

• Analysis at the fundamental frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-20

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Square-Wave and PWM Operation

• PWM results in much smaller ripple current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-21

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Push-Pull Inverter

• Low Voltage to higher output using square-wave

operation
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-22
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-Phase Inverter

• Three inverter legs; capacitor mid-point is

fictitious
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-23
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-
Phase
PWM
Waveforms

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-24

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-Phase Inverter Harmonics

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-25

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-Phase Inverter Output

• Linear and over-modulation ranges

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-26
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-Phase Inverter: Square-Wave Mode

• Harmonics are of the fundamental frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-27
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Three-Phase Inverter: Fundamental
Frequency

• Analysis at the fundamental frequency can be

done using phasors
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-28
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Square-Wave and PWM Operation

• PWM results in much smaller ripple current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-29

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 DC-Side Current in a Three-Phase Inverter

• The current consists of a dc component and the

switching-frequency related harmonics
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-30
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Square-Wave Operation

• devices conducting are indicated

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-31

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 PWM Operation

• devices conducting are indicated

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-32

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Short-Circuit States in PWM Operation

• top group or the bottom group results in short

circuiting three terminals
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-33
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Effect of Blanking
Time

• Results in
nonlinearity

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-34

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Effect of Blanking Time

• Voltage jump when the current reverses direction

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-35

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Effect of Blanking Time

• Effect on the output voltage

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-36

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Programmed Harmonic Elimination

• Angles based on the desired output

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-37
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Tolerance-Band Current Control

• Results in a variable frequency operation

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-38
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Fixed-Frequency Operation

• Better control is possible using dq analysis

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-39

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Transition from Inverter to Rectifier Mode

• Can analyze based on the fundamental-

frequency components
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-40
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
 Summary of DC-AC Inverters

• Functional representation in a block-diagram form

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC- 8-41
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters