Uts Chapter 1 Lesson 1

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PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OLD NALSIAN ROAD, BRGY. NALSIAN, CALASIAO, PANGASINAN
Understanding the Self

Chapter 1 – Defining the Self
The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective
Prepared by: John Jerome S. Gironella RN, LPT, MAN
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Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

PHILOSOPHY
 study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and

existence, especially in an academic discipline.
 a particular theory that someone has about how to live or how to

deal with a particular situation.
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 academic discipline concerned with investigating the nature of
significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs.
 investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational argument

concerning their implication, and relationships as well.
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•Much of philosophy concerns with the
fundamental
nature of self.
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 The Greeks were the ones who seriously questioned myths and moved
a way from them to understand reality and respond to perennial
questions of curiosity, including the question of the self.
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• The following are discussions of different perspectives and

understandings of the self-according to its prime movers. From
Philosophers of the ancient times to the contemporary period.
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• Socrates
 Socrates was a scholar, teacher and philosopher born in ancient Greece. His Socratic
method laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy.
 He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic questioning about the
self. For Socrates, the true task of a philosopher “is to know oneself”.
 Every man is composed of body and soul.
 Socrates was sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning in 399 B.C.
 Two Reasons: Corrupting the minds of the youth and impiety.
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Socrates
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• Plato
 Born circa 428 B.C.E., ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates.
 Plato founded the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the
Western world.
 Plato supported the idea of his master that man is a dual nature of body and soul and added
that the soul has three components: Rational soul, Spirited soul, and Appetitive soul.
 Famous work of Plato is a book entitled: The Republic.
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The Academy
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Plato/ Components of the Soul

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• Augustine
 also called Saint Augustine of Hippo, original Latin name Aurelius Augustinus.
 He followed the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound
doctrine of Christianity.
 According to Augustine, the body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to
anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God.
 His most important work is the books entitled: The City of God (addresses the
fall of Rome and the broader issue of human society, politics, and history. ) and
The Confessions (is considered one of the earliest and most famous
autobiographies in Western literature). “Struggles in life, Spiritual Journey,
Conversion to Christianity”.
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Saint Augustine
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• Saint Thomas Aquinas
 He was born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy.
 For him, a man is composed of two parts: Matter and Form
 Matter/ Hyle- common stuff that makes up everything in the universe.
 Form/ Morphe- refers to the essence of a substance or a thing.
 The body of a human person is something that he shares even with animals. The cells in a
man`s body are more or less akin to the cells of any other livings things.
 According to him, the soul is what animates the body; it is what makes us humans.
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Saint Thomas Aquinas

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• Rene Descartes
 René Descartes is generally considered the father of modern philosophy. He was the first major
figure in the philosophical movement known as Rationalism, a method of understanding the
world based on the use of reason as the means to attain knowledge.
 For him, the human person is composed of a body and a mind.
 His famous quotation is: cogito ergo sum (I think therefore, I am).
 The Self for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities, the thing that thinks which
is the Mind and the Extenza or extension of the mind, which is the Body.
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Rene Descartes
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• David Hume
 A Scottish philosopher who has a unique way of looking at a man.
 A well-known empiricist who believes that one can know only what comes from the senses and
experiences.
 For David Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions.
 If one tries to examines his experiences, he finds that they can all be categorized into two:
Impressions and Ideas.
 Impressions- basic objects of our experiences or sensation. “Senses”
 Ideas- are copies of impressions.
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David Hume
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• Immanuel Kant
Kant's perspective on the self can be summarized as follows:
1. Unity of Self- unifying self that perceives and thinks
2. Transcendental Self- the foundational subject of all experience and
thought.
3. Active Role of Self- our intuition and understanding, shape how we
perceive the world.
 Kant is best known for his attempts to reconcile empiricism (knowledge gained
through experience) with rationalism (knowledge gained through reason) in his
philosophical system.
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Immanuel Kant
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• Gilbert Ryle
 was a philosopher who taught at Oxford, and who made important contributions to the
philosophy of mind and "ordinary language philosophy." His most important writings included
Philosophical Arguments (1945), The Concept of Mind (1949), Dilemmas (1954), Plato's
Progress (1966), and On Thinking (1979).
 He solved the mind- body dichotomy that has been running for a long time in the history of
thought by blatantly denying the concept of an internal, non- physical self.
 For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life.
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Gilbert Ryle
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• Merleau Ponty
 Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961), French philosopher and

public intellectual, he was the leading academic proponent of existentialism
and phenomenology in post-war France.
 According to Ponty, the mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be
separated from one another.
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Merleau Ponty

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PhilCST

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Understanding the Self

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

 study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and

 a particular theory that someone has about how to live or how to

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

 investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational argument

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

• The following are discussions of different perspectives and

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Plato/ Components of the Soul

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

 Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961), French philosopher and

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