Boiler Chemistry Guidelines

Power 200
 Agenda

• Key Concepts and

Issues

• Evolution of Phosphate
Treatment

• Continuum of
Treatments

• Treatment Guidelines

• Cycling / Lay up / Start

up

• Resources

2
 Boiler Water Treatment
Objectives

• Prevent Corrosion

• Prevent Deposition
Hydrogen Damage

• Promote Production of
Pure Steam

Acid Phosphate Corrosion

3
 Key Fact:
Corrosion vs. pH for Mild Steel
Relative corrosive attack

8.5 pH
12.7 pH

Safe Range
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH 4
 Key Concept:
Sodium to Phosphate Ratio

• The molar ratio of Sodium (Na) to Phosphate (PO4)

• Sodium Phosphates
– Trisodium Phosphate (Na3PO4): Ratio of 3:1
– Disodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4): Ratio of 2:1
– Monosodium Phosphate (NaH2PO4): Ratio of 1:1
– Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4): Ratio of 0:1
– Caustic (NaOH): a ratio of NA
• Phosphate is used to buffer the pH for corrosion control
– Sodium phosphates will also react with contaminants

• Various phosphates are used obtain desired pH and

Na:PO4 ratio
5
 Key Concept:
Sodium to Phosphate Ratio
Sodium to Phosphate Ratios from pH and PO4
10.2 TSP + 2 PPM NaOH

Na/PO4 = 4.0 Na/PO4 = 3.4 TSP + 1 PPM NaOH

10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0

Na/PO4 = 2.8

9.8 Na/PO4 = 2.6

pH at 25 deg C

9.6

9.4

9.2

9.0

8.8

8.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mg/L PO4

6
 Key Concept:
Concentrating Film Formation
Departure from Nucleate Boiling

7
 Key Concept:
Concentrating Film Formation
Wick Boiling

8
 Key Issue:
Phosphate Hideout
• Hideout is the loss of sodium phosphate on the boiler tubes
– Generally on hotter tube walls or in tube deposits
• Formation of sodium / iron / phosphate compounds
– Hideout is as a low ratio phosphate (< 2.0 Na:PO4)
– Phosphate can come back into solution as load drops
• Symptoms of hideout
– Phosphate concentration:
• Decreases at high loads
• Increases at low loads
• Never exceeds X ppm, no matter how much is fed
– Boiler water pH:
• Increases at high loads, as acid phosphate “hides out”
• Decreases at low loads, as acid phosphate returns
– Acid Phosphate Corrosion:
• Similar in appearance to “caustic attack”
• Can cause hydrogen damage 9
 Key Issue:
Phosphate Hideout

Hideout Hideout Return

Load

Phosphate

pH

10
Phosphate Wastage
Acid Phosphate Corrosion

12
 Key Concept: Deposit Weight
Density (DWD)
• Measures the amount of deposit on both the
hot and cold side of a boiler tube.
– Nalco uses NACE TM0199-99: Bead Blasting Method
– Mechanical method, so follow B&W Cleaning
Guidelines
• Sample from high heat release zone
– Conventional unit: water wall approximately the
centerline of the highest burner elevation
– HRSG: HP evaporator, first row

• Used to determine need to clean boiler

– Need to clean will be unit specific, as heat release
and circulation play an important role in deposition
on ,and cooling of, the boiler tubes
13
 Chemical Cleaning Guidelines

US Units Metric Units

psi g/ft2 Bar g/dm2

< 1000 10 – 40 < 70 2.1 – 4.3

1000 – 2000 12 – 20 70 – 140 1.3 – 2.2

> 2000 10 - 12 > 140 1.1 – 1.3

• Follows B&W Guidelines

• Based on mechanical cleaning (bead blasting
or scraping)
• Need to clean will be unit specific.
 Key Issue: Boiler pH Control
(phosphate treatments)

• Na:PO4 ratio
– Actually measure pH and PO4.
• Na that does not affect pH is irrelevant to pH/PO 4 control.

• Acidic anions (Cl, SO4, etc)

– Are a concern relative to steam purtiy
– Must be removed in blowdown
• Organic acids (make up, ion exchange resins, amine decomposition)
– May be partially destroyed at boiler temp and pressure.
– May be partially volatile at boiler temp and pressure
– Must be removed in blowdown
• Ammonia or Amine is weak pH buffer in a phosphate / caustic
treated boiler
– Some impact if PO4 < 3.0 ppm, NaOH < 0.2

15
 Key Issue:
HRSG Boiler pH Control
• Why is IP pH commonly lower than HP pH?
• Non-Cascade Systems
– IP temp and pressure not enough to destroy or volatilize organic acids.
– IP blowdown insufficient to remove organic and inorganic contamination
– Maintain blowdowns at > 0.5 – 1.0% of feedwater flow
• Cascade Systems
– HP blowdown could contribute most or all of phosphate IP requires
• HP blowdown contributes partially “used” phosphate: the Na:PO 4
ratio < 3.0
– Adjust blowdown and phosphate control specifications to allow >50% of
IP phosphate to be fresh product.
• IP PO4 level of 3x the HP level usually works
• Keys to success:
– Eliminate / minimize sources of contamination
– Maintain required blowdown rates
– Use supplemental caustic
• Via separate caustic feed
• Via feed of 4:1 Na:PO4 product
16
 Key Issue:
Free Hydroxide in Boilers
• Free Hydroxide Advantages (PC, CT)
– lower steel corrosion potential
– lower FAC potential
– buffered system
• Tolerates more contaminants
– promotes system passivation (magnetite formation)
– reduced SiO2 volatilization
– low potential for hide-out
• lower potential for acid phosphate attack
• simpler control

• Free Hydroxide Disadvantages

– Potential for caustic corrosion if there is a concentrating mechanism in
the boiler (deposits)
– Potential steam system problems if there is boiler water carry over

17
 Key Issue:
Silica Limits in Boilers
US Units Allowable ppb Silica in Boiler Water for 10 ppb in Steam

1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
Boiler Water Silica (ppb)

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Boiler Pressure (PSIA)

18
 Phosphate Treatment Evolution
in North America
• 1940’s: Coordinated Phosphate Caustic
– 3:1 Na:PO4, limited NaOH Corrosion

• 1960’s: Congruent Phosphate Phosphate

– < 2.6:1 Na:PO4, zero OH Hideout
APC
• 1986: EPRI Interim Consensus Guideline H2
– Congruent Phosphate Treatment (CPT) Damage

• 1994: EPRI Cycle Chemistry Guidelines Failure to

adjust pH
– Equilibrium Phosphate Treatment (EPT) for NH3

– Phosphate Treatment (PT) Too low PO4

for Contam.
– Congruent Phosphate Treatment dropped APC
H2 Damage
– EPT / PT both 3:1 Na:PO4, with 1.0 ppm NaOH
• 2004: EPRI Phosphate Continuum and Caustic Treatment
– Introduces “Continuum of Treatments”
– Replaces EPT / PT with Phosphate Continuum (PC)
– Includes Caustic Treatment (CT) as option
20
 Congruent Phosphate Treatment
(CPT)
• Traditional captive alkalinity program
• 2.3 - 2.6 Na:PO4 ratio
• Out of favor by EPRI and power industry due to acid phosphate
attack when hide out occurs.
– Dropped from Guidelines in 1994
• Still favored by some
– When alkaline contamination is likely
– Simple cation / anion demineralizer system
• Nalco does not recommend CPT
– Hide out & acid phosphate corrosion issues
– Lack of free hydroxide vs. FAC
– More difficult to control than PC
– But, we can support it if the plant operator or the turbine manufacturer
specifies CPT.

21
 Congruent Phosphate (CPT) Control Chart
10.2

10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0

Na/PO4 = 2.8

9.8 Na/PO4 = 2.6

pH at 25 deg C

9.6
Nalco CPT Area Na/PO4 = 2.3
9.4
Notes:
EPRI ICG CPT Area
1. EPRI Interim Concensus
9.2 Guidelines place the low er
CPT boundary at pH 9.1 or
the 2.1 Na:PO4 ratio line,
9.0 for PO4 above 10 mg/L.
2. Nalco sets a more
Na/PO4 = 2.1
conservative low er limit at
pH 9.1 or the 2.3 Na:PO4
8.8 ratio line, w hichever is
greater,

8.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mg/L PO4

22
 Phosphate Treatment
and Equilibrium Phosphate Treatment
• Phosphate Treatment (PT)
– Similar to coordinated phosphate treatments of the past, with
tighter control of free hydroxide
• Equilibrium Phosphate Treatment (EPT)
– For units with phosphate hideout, but cannot use AVT or OT
– A low residual level PT program, with hideout setting the PO4
limits. Specific hydroxide limits.
• EPRI replaced PT / EPT with Phosphate Continuum in 2004
– Too little buffering at PO4 < 0.2 ppm
– Incorrect implementation of limits (Cl, SO4, pH)
– Hydrogen damage
• Nalco supports PT / EPT, but endorses PC as an improved
control specification.

23
 EPT / PT Control Chart
TSP + 2 PPM NaOH
10.2
TSP + 1 PPM NaOH
Na/PO4 = 3.0
10.0
Na/PO4 = 2.8

9.8 Na/PO4 = 2.6

pH at 25 deg C

9.6 PT

9.4 Note:
Equilibrium
EPT phosphate
9.2 concentration is unit
specific.

9.0

8.8

8.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mg/L PO4

24
 What is the
“Continuum of Treatments”?

• “Solid” treatments • All Volatile treatments

– PC(L) = Phosphate – AVT(R) = All Volatile
Continuum (Low) Treatment, Reducing

– PC(H) = Phosphate – AVT(O) = All Volatile

Continuum (High) Treatment, Oxidizing

– CT = Caustic – OT = Oxygenated
Treatment Treatment

25
EPRI Continuum of Treatments

26
 Water Quality
vs. Treatment Program
Feedwater and Steam Quality Limits

4 0.4

3.5 0.35

3 0.3

2.5 0.25

uS/cm
ppb

2 0.2

1.5 0.15

1 0.1

0.5 0.05

0 0
OT AVT PC(L) PC(H) CT

Na, Cl, SO4 Cat Cond

27
 Water Quality
vs. Treatment Program

Boiler Water Quality Limits @ 2500 psi

1400 28

1200 24

1000 20

800 16

uS/cm
ppb

600 12

400 8

200 4

0 0
OT AVT PC(L) PC(H) CT

Cl ppb SO4 ppb Cat Cond uS/cm

28
 Phosphate Continuum

• Improves upon EPT and PT

• Adjustment of lower control boundaries upward
– Lower pH now at 3.0 Na:PO4 line, with minimum pH 9.0
– Lower PO4 now at 0.2 ppm
– Transition from PC(L) to PC(H) at approximately 3 ppm PO4
– Tight boiler water pH control required!
– TSP and NaOH only – no feed of acid phosphates

• Nalco suggests adoption of PC as EPRI recommends.

– Better pH control and buffering
– Greater tolerance of FW contamination
– Reduced potential for acid phosphate corrosion if hideout
occurs
– Easier to stay in specification
29
 Phosphate Continuum Control Chart
10.2 TSP + 2 PPM NaOH

TSP + 1 PPM NaOH

10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0

Na/PO4 = 2.8

9.8 Na/PO4 = 2.6

pH at 25 deg C

9.6
PC
9.4 Note:
Minimum PO4
> 0.2 mg/L
9.2

9.0

8.8

8.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mg/L PO4

30
 PC Improves Ease of Control
GEC HP Drum Phosphate Continuum Control Chart for April 2004 through Dec 2004
Na/PO4 = 4.0
10.2 TSP + 2 PPM NaOH

10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0

9.8

• Graph 1:

pH at 25 deg C
9.6

– PC Guidelines 9.4

– Using 3:1 9.2

Na:PO4 9.0

Chemical
8.8 Note:
Minimum PO4
> 0.2 mg/L
8.6
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

mg/L PO4
GEC HP Drum Phosphate Continuum Control Chart for March 2005 through April 2005
Na/PO4 = 4.0
10.2 TSP + 2 PPM NaOH

• Graph 2: 10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0

– PC Guidelines
9.8
pH at 25 deg C

9.6

– Using 4:1 9.4

Na:PO4 9.2

Chemical 9.0

8.8 Note:
Minimum PO4
> 0.2 mg/L
8.6
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

mg/L PO4 33
 Chemical Product Options

• Dry TSP plus Caustic

• Dilute TSP plus dilute

Caustic
– Nalco BT-3000 (3:1)
– Nalco BTU-0100 (5%)

• Blended Na:PO4 ratio

products
– Nalco BT-3400 (3.4:1)
– Nalco BT-4000 (4.0:1)

34
 Phosphate Continuum Control Chart
10.2 TSP + 2 PPM NaOH
Na/PO4 = 4.0 Na/PO4 = 3.4
TSP + 1 PPM NaOH
10.0 Na/PO4 = 3.0
Na/PO4 = 2.8

9.8 Na/PO4 = 2.6

pH at 25 deg C

9.6
PC
9.4 Note:
Minimum PO4
> 0.2 mg/L
9.2

9.0
PC (L) PC (H)
8.8

8.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mg/L PO4

35
 Caustic Treatment
• Candidates are boilers with severe phosphate hideout, condenser
leaks, and saline cooling water.
– Would not be able to use AVT under these conditions.

• Maintain to EPRI specifications

– Cl- allowed varies by pressure (0.3 ppm @ 2500 psi)
– NaOH = 2.5 x Cl-
– SO4 < 2 x Cl-

• Provides more buffering capacity for SO4 or Cl contaminant ingress

than PC(L), less than PC(H).

• Recommended for special situations only!

36
 All Volatile Treatment:
AVT(O), AVT(R)
• Excellent program:
– For systems with condensate polishers and/or tight condensers
– For all steel air cooled plants
– For once through boilers
• Default program for LP section of HRSG w/ integrated deaerator
• Default program during steam blows and commissioning
• Can be ammonia or amine, hydrazine or carbohydrazide.
– Classic AVT(R) is NH3 and N2H4
• AVT(R) is for mixed metal or all steel systems – uses passivator
• AVT(O) for all steel systems – no passivator feed
• Requires very high purity feedwater at all times!
– < 0.2 uS/cm Cation Conductivity
– Dissolved O2 at CPD < 10 ppb
• Nalco endorses and supports AVT programs

37
 Oxygenated Treatment

• EPRI recommends for all steel systems with

condensate polishers.
• Less corrosion of steels
• Lower metals transport to boilers
• Little need to chemically clean
• Now in use for most supercritical boilers
• Technical fit for HRSGs with full flow polishers
• Requires high water quality and very tight control.
• < 0.15 uS/cm cation conductivity
• Nalco recognizes OT as extremely effective for the
right situation.
– OT is the 1st choice if the unit meets criteria

38
 Boiler Chemistry Guidelines
EPRI Guideline VGB Std
Parameter Units Drum Pressure
psi 900 1500 1900 2300 2700 < 136 bar > 136 bar
MPa 6.2 10.3 13.1 15.8 18.6 < 13.6 > 13.6
Phosphate Continuum - High
Na mg/L 3.50 2.70 2.10 1.60 1.30
PO4 mg/L 5.00 3.50 2.90 2.30 1.70 <6
pH 9.68 9.53 9.45 9.35 9.23 9.8 - 10.2
Cl mg/L 1.70 1.20 0.90 0.70 0.52
SO4 mg/L 3.40 2.40 1.80 1.40 1.10
SiO2 mg/L 2.80 0.90 0.45 0.25 0.12 pressure
Conductivity uS/cm 40 28 21 17 14
Cation Cond uS/cm 75 48 37 28 22 < 50
Phosphate Continuum - Low
Na mg/L 2.30 1.80 1.50 1.20 0.95
PO4 mg/L 3.00 2.40 2.00 1.60 1.20 <3
pH 9.52 9.38 9.30 9.20 9.09 9.3 - 9.7
Cl mg/L 0.90 0.45 0.30 0.19 0.12
SO4 mg/L 1.80 0.90 0.60 0.37 0.24
SiO2 mg/L 2.80 0.90 0.45 0.25 0.12 pressure
Conductivity uS/cm 24 15 12 9 7
Cation Cond uS/cm 38 25 17 12 8 < 50
Caustic Treatment
Na mg/L 2.20 1.60 1.20 0.90 0.70
NaOH mg/L 2.60 1.80 1.40 1.10 0.90
pH 9.80 9.65 9.55 9.45 9.35 9.3 - 9.7
Cl mg/L 0.90 0.58 0.44 0.34 0.27
SO4 mg/L 1.80 1.20 0.90 0.68 0.55
SiO2 mg/L 2.80 0.90 0.45 0.25 0.12 pressure
Conductivity uS/cm 27 18 13 10 8
Cation Cond uS/cm 27 18 13 10 8 < 50
39
 Key Concept: Action Levels

• EPRI developed Action Levels to specify how long and

how far chemistry could be safely out of the normal
control specification.

• Action Level 1: <1 week < 2x

Normal
• Action Level 2: <24 Hr < 4x
Normal
• Action Level 3: <4 Hr > 4x
Normal

• Immediate Shut Down: Nalco supports the use of

Action Levels
• > 4 Hr at Action Level 3
• < 8.0 Boiler Water pH

41
 Cycling / Shutdown

• General
– Maintain cycling unit’s chemistry at the high end of the
normal control specification for:
• Feedwater pH and passivator
• Boiler water pH and Phosphate
• Shutdown

– Maintain vacuum or close vents on air removal system.

– Elevate hotwell and drum levels to provide treated water
supply for start up.
– HRSG - Close stack damper to retain heat in unit.
– If pressure drops to < 15 psi (< 1 bar), cap with steam
at 5-10 psi (0.3 – 0.6 bar) if available.
• If outage is expected to be more than 3-4 days, cap with
nitrogen if available.

42
Lay-up
Short Term
Long Term Wet
Long Term Dry

43
 Lay-up

Boiler Lay-up
• Short Term Lay-up
– Continue shutdown chemical practices.
• Double passivator and increase pH to 10.0, if a wet Lay-up
of over 3 days is being planned.

– Steam sparge, or nitrogen sparge, to deaerate hotwell,

condensate storage, make up storage for deaeration.
• Investigate other deaeration methods (membrane, vacuum
degasifier) for storage tanks.

44
 Lay-up

Boiler Lay-up
• Long Term Lay-up
– If wet Lay-up, try to maintain conditions as for short
term Lay-up
• Boiler water recirculation system can allow chemistry to be
maintained / replenished.

– If dry Lay-up, dry the unit out while still warm, open
vents earlier ( 50 vs 25 psig) and drain unit.

45
 Lay-up

Feedwater / Condensate Lay-up

• Short Term Lay-up
– Maintain vacuum in the condenser if possible.

– Increase the oxygen scavenger / passivator feed to the

hotwell.

– Increase the amine / ammonia feed to counter any CO2

absorption.

– Increase the amine / ammonia feed to the DA.

– Maintain some pressure on the DA if possible.

46
 Lay-up

Feedwater / Condensate Lay-up

• Long Term Lay-up
– Drain the hotwell and dry it out.
– Drain feedwater heaters or put under nitrogen blanket
– Drain feedwater piping if possible

– Or set up a recycle system on feedwater / condensate

systems with pot feeders installed for chemistry adds.

– NOTE: All lay-up recommendations must be considered

with the requirements of the dispatching needs and
considerations.

47
 Startup

Feedwater / Condensate Start-up

• Apply low pressure steam to the deaerator to warm the unit.
– Open the bypass valve on DA vent to increase oxygen removal from
the DA.

• Investigate system to recycle feedwater to the hotwell for

deaeration.
– Units with polishers or filters will remove corrosion products.

• Monitor FW and Condensate metals with Millipore Patch Test.

• Blow down to reduce the iron loading in the boiler as the unit
comes on line.

48
 Startup

Boiler Start-up

• Match boiler blowdown rates during start up to feedwater

metals concentration, to move more metals to the
blowdown.

• Establish boiler chemistry quickly to reduce impact of

corrosion products in the boiler.

• Perform Patch Test / Millipore test to monitor iron transport

through the boiler.

49
 Support Materials
Conventional Drum Boiler Treatment Calculations
Plant Name, Location Example CCGT, Anytown, State Date: 7/21/2005
Unit Information #1 #2 #3 Total Enter data in
MW 500 500 500 1,500 yellow cells

• On the CD
Planned Capacity Factor, % 80% 80% 80% CF impacts lb/yr
Steam Cycle metals copper all steel all steel calculations
Drum pressure psi 2,400 2,400 2,400
Steam flow, ave k lb/hr 3,000 3,000 3,000 9,000 Do not discount
Steam flow, ave 10^6 lb/day 72.00 72.00 72.00 216.00

– Boiler calculations Excel

by both ave
BD as % Steam % average 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% flows and CF
Calc BD flow 10^6 lb/day 0.720 0.720 0.720 2.16
FW flow 10^6 lb/day 72.72 72.72 72.72 218.16

workbook Stm or FW lost from cycle, ave

BD Flash Tank pressure
Stm recovered, fr BD Flash Tk
10^6 lb/day
psi
10^6 lb/day
0.240
125
0.327
0.240
125
0.327
0.240
125
0.327
0.72

0.98
steam soot
blowing
fr BD Flash tab
Make Up Required, ave 10^6 lb/day 0.63 0.63 0.63 1.90

– Phosphate Continuum Make Up Required, ave

Make Up Required, ave
CPD O2 level
gpm
as % of FW
ppb
52.7
0.87%
10
52.7
0.87%
10
52.7
0.87%
10
158.1
0.87%

Control Chart & Plot CPD CO2 level (fr air inleakage)
Econ Inlet O2 level desired
Phosphate #1: BT-3000
ppb
ppb
% P04 in product
0.02

3.9%
4
0.02

3.9%
4
0.02

3.9%
4

ave PO4 in BD- Fr This Product mg/L 2.0 2.0 2.0

– Nalco Steam Cycle as product

as product
Phosphate #2: BT-4000
lb/day
lb/yr at CF%
% P04 in product
36.9
10,782
3.9%
36.9
10,782
3.9%
36.9
10,782
3.9%
110.8
32,345
Ave Use

Chemistry Guideline ave PO4 in BD- Fr This Product

as product
as product
mg/L
lb/day
lb/yr at CF%
2.0
36.9
10,782
2.0
36.9
10,782
2.0
36.9
10,782
110.8
32,345
Ave Use

Caustic Product: BL-409 % NaOH in product 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%

ave NaOH in BD mg/L 0.5 0.5 0.5
as product lb/day 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 Ave Use
as product lb/yr at CF% 210 210 210 631
Passivator: Eliminox % active 6.5% 6.5% 6.5% from Passivator Table
Active residual at EI ppb 20 8 8 from Passivator Table
Product residual at EI ppb 308 123 123
CO2 from active fed ppb ratio 0.49 0.49 0.49 from Passivator Table
Ammonia from active residual ppb ratio 0.50 0.50 0.50 from Passivator Table
Product feed per ppb O2 ppb ratio 21.6 21.6 21.6 from Passivator Table
Recycle of Residual w/ Steam % 0% 0% 0% fr Passivator Table, adjust for other
Active feed required ppb 28 16 16 to scavenge CPD-EI O2 difference
Product feed required ppb 437 252 252
Product feed required lb/day 31.8 18.4 18.4 68.5
as product lb/yr at CF% 9,279 5,359 5,359 19,997
Layup & startup allowance lb/yr at CF% 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 Ave Use
Total Product lb/yr at CF% 10,279 6,359 6,359 22,997
Amine Product: 1800 % active 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% from Amine Table
Product to CO2 neutralizing ppb ratio 3.1 3.1 3.1 from Amine Table
FW pH target pH 9.0 9.4 9.4 (9.0 if Cu alloys, 9.4 if all steel)
Required product in FW ppb 2,040 5,560 5,560 from Amine table x 1000
Amine loss FW & Stm export % 0.87% 0.87% 0.87% Equal to MU % of FW
Amine losses % (unit specific) 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% From air ejector, DA vents, BD
Product req. to replace losses ppb 120 326 326 and amine decomposition.
new amine active required ppb 48 131 131
NH3 from Passivator ppb (10) (4) (4)
CO2 demand ppb 43 25 25 fr air inleakage, MU & passivator
new amine active feed ppb 81 151 151
new product feed ppb 203 379 379
as product lb/day 14.7 27.5 27.5 69.8
as product lb/yr at CF% 4,301 8,042 8,042 4,301
Layup & startup allowance lb/yr at CF% 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Ave Use
Total Product lb/yr at CF% 5,801 9,542 9,542 5,801

50
 Boiler Chemistry Guidelines

Questions?

51