PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERSPECTIVE OF
SELF.

LESSON III
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior
and mental processes.
Four goals of Psychology
● Describe
● Explain’
● Predict
● Modify
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
01 02 03

SIGMUND WILLIAM CARL

FREUD JAMES ROGERS

04 05

DAVID LESTER DONALD

WINNICOTT
 SIGMUND
FREUD
● Importance of consciousness

● Father of “Psychoanalysis”

● Postulated the 3 layers of self

ID
● First part of the self to develop
● The seat of all our desires and wants
● It has no awareness rather than it wants what it wants
● It is the pleasure principle
● It doesn’t care about morals and social norms
EGO
● The part of us that functions in reality
● The ego that regulates how much id’s urges will be expressed
● Discern what is right or wrong based on context
● It is the reality principle
SUPER-EGO
● Sometimes referred to as the “voice of God”
● It strives for perfection
● Its main concern is to act and decide in accordance to what it
socially and morally accepted standards
The EGO is NOT a MASTER of its
own HOUSE.

― Irene M. Pepperberg
 WILLIAM
JAMES
● Concept of Self
 CONCEPT OF SELF?
Two Aspects of the Self according to James (1890):

“ME-SELF” “I-SELF”
• Corresponds to the self as an object of • Reflects the self as a subject of experience
experience (self as object) (Woźniak, 2018). (self as subject) (Woźniak, 2018).

• The self as known (or the empirical self) • The knower (or pure ego)
• The consciousness itself

o The physical characteristics as well as o The thinking, acting, and feeling self.
psychological capabilities that make who you
are.
o Referred to as the nominative self, the self as knower of
o Referred to as the empirical self, self that is the self, rather than the self so known (American
known by the self, rather than the self as Psychological Association, 2020).
knower.
In the psychology of William James, the ME-SELF or the
empirical self is held to consist of the following:

● material self - everything material that can be seen as belonging to the self (American
Psychological Association, 2020).

●  social self - the self as perceived by others (American Psychological

Association, 2020).

●  spiritual self- the self that is closest to one’s core subjective experience of
oneself (American Psychological Association, 2020).
 CARL
ROGERS
● Real self vs. Ideal Self
 Two Aspects of the Self according to Carl Rogers:

“Real Self” (Self-image) “Ideal Self”

 It includes all of those aspects of one’s being and  It briefly represents our strivings to achieve in our
one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness goals or ideals. In other words it is our dynamic
(though not always accurately) by the individual ambitions and goals (Ismail & Tekke, 2015).
(Feist, et al., 2013 as cited by
Villafuerte, et al., 2018)
 Two Aspects of the Self according to Carl Rogers:

“Real Self” (Self-image) “Ideal Self”

• It includes the influence of our body image  Revolves around goals and ambitions in life. This is
intrinsically, how we see ourselves, which is very what our parents have taught us to consider:
important to good psychological health.
o what we admire in others, o what our society
o In other words, we might perceive ourselves
promotes o what we think are in our best
as a beautiful or ugly, good or bad person.
interest.
• It is the part of ourselves where we feel, think,
look and act involving our selfimage (Villafuerte,
et al., 2018).

 Simply put, REAL SELF is; o the self-worth
o who we really are o what can be seen by
others
 The IDEAL SELF is; o how we want to be
o dynamic, changing
o the learned values, societal ones
The real self is who we actually are. It is how we think, how
we feel, look and act.

The ideal self is how we want to be. It is an idealized image

that we have to developed over time, based on what we have
learned or experienced.
The Importance of Alignment

If the way I am (real self) is aligned with the way that I want
to be (ideal self), then I will feel a mental well-being, or
peace of mind.
If the way I am is not aligned with how I want to be, the
incongruence, or lack of alignment , will result in mental
distress and anxiety.

This is where you section ends. Duplicate this set of slides as many times you need to go over all your sections.
 DAVID
LESTER
● MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELF
Multiple Self VS. Unified Self

What does the self consist of? The human self consists of 3 related, but also
separable domains.

1. Experiential self – “theater of consciousness” and

the first person felt experience of being. This is tied very
closely to memory.

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Multiple Self VS. Unified Self

2. Private self-consciousness system – “narrator” because it

is a portion of your being that verbally narrates what is
happening and tries to make sense of what is going on.
A.k.a. “autobiographical self”.

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Multiple Self VS. Unified Self

2.Public self or persona – refers to the public image that

you attempt to project to others which in turn interacts with
how people actually see you.

This is where you section ends. Duplicate this set of slides as many times you need to go over all your sections.
 DONALD
WINNICOT
T
● TRUE SELF VS. FALSE SELF
 True Self VS. False Self
True Self False Self

 Based on a sense of being in the  A necessary defensive organization,

experiencing body a survival kit, a caretaker self, the means by
which a threatened person managed to
survive.
• Has a sense of integrity and connected wholeness • Used when a person has to comply with
external rules such as being polite or in
following social codes.

This is where you section ends. Duplicate this set of slides as many times you need to go over all your sections.
Now, let us take a look at the concepts related to
the psychological views of the self.
Identity
- It is composed of one’s
personal characteristics, social
roles and responsibilities as
well as affiliations that defines
who one is (Elmore, et al,
2012, 69 as cited by Alata, et
al., 2018, p. 29).
Self-concept
- It is basically what comes to your
mind when you are asked about who you are
(Elmore, et al, 2012, 69 as cited by Alata, et al.,
2018, p. 29).

- It refers to the knowledge of the self

which was constructed through experiences or
insights out of such experiences.
Self-schema
The concept by Carl Rogers which refers to our
own organized system or collection of
knowledge about who we are.
Self-awareness
- It is a clear and realistic view of one’s
self.

- There are times when we are aware of

our self-concepts.

- Self-awareness may be positive or

negative depending on the circumstances and
our next course of action.
Self-awareness
Two types of self that we can be aware of (Carver
and Scheier):

a. The private self - your internal standards

and private thoughts and feelings.

b. The public self - your public image

commonly geared towards having a good
presentation of yourself to others.
Self-awareness
● Three other self –schema of self- awareness

○ “Actual” self – who you at are the

moment.

○ “Ideal” self – who you like to be.

○ “Ought” self – who you think you should

be
Self-esteem
- refers to the positive or negative
perception or evaluation of oneself. It is a
person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self
– worth.

- Our group identity and self-awareness

also has a great impact on our self-esteem.
Self-efficacy
o It is the measure of one’s
ability to accomplish goals.
 People with high self-efficacy often are eager to
accept challenges because they believe they can overcome
them, while people with low self-efficacy may avoid
challenges, or believe experiences are more challenging
than they actually are (appsychtextbk.wikispace.com, 2014 as cited by
Villafuerte, et al., 2018).