CHEMISTRY LECTURE

20/23 ALEAST
CHEMISTRY
• COAL AND PETROLEUM
• COMBUSTION AND FLAME
• DIAGRAMS ARE IMPORTANT
• LEARN EQUATIONS IF THEY ARE THERE
COAL AND PETROLEUM
• Natural resources :
• Things obtained from nature, such as plants animals soil and mineral are referred to as
natural resources
• Exhaustible : ground-water, coal, petroleum and forest
• Inexhaustible : air, wind, sunlight and sun rays
• Fossil fuels : dead plants and animals that were buried under the earth millions of
years ago decomposes under extreme heat and pressure to form fossil fuels
• Coal : black or brownish-black rock like substance made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and varying amount of sulphar
• Slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into into coal is called carbonization
• The period during which this process coal formation takes place is called carbonization
age
TYPES OF COAL
• Peat : it is a mass partially carbonized plants debris, it is used as an
industrial fuel
• Lignite : also known as brown coal. It is very soft and the least heating
value, it can be used for power generation and as an industrial fuel
• Bituminous : also known as black lignite. It is used for power
generation and manufacturing other fuels such as coke and coal tar
• Anthracite : it is the hardest coal and has the maximum energy
content. Hence, it is brilliantly glossy it burns longer with more heat
and less dust and soot + it is mainly used for heating
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILATION OF COAL
• The process in which coal is heated to 1000C in the absence of air to
obtain different useful compounds such as coke, coal tar and coal gas.
USES OF COAL
• Coal is used for producing electricity in thermal power plants
• Heat from burning coal is used to produce steam which runs
generators to produce electricity
• Coke is used in the manufacture of steel and to extract metals from
their ores
• Coal tar is used in the manufacture of many useful organic
compounds such as synthetic dyes, drugs, plastics, paints,
photographing and roofing materials.
• Coal gas is obtained during the process of coal to get coke and is used
as a fuel in many industries situated near the processing plants
PETROLEUM
• Petroleum :
• Important fossil fuel
• Called as crude
• Dark coloured liquid with unpleasant smell
• It is a mixture of various hydrocarbons
• Refining of petroleum :
• Process of separating crude oil into useable compounds is known as refining of petroleum
• Various components obtained are called its fractions
• Process of refining is carried out in refinaries by fractional distillation
• Fractional distillation separates a mixture of compounds based on the difference in
boiling point
Natural gas
• Fossil fuel found under the crust above the layer of petroleum
• Colourless orderless tasteless gas
• Lighter than air and mainly consists of method
• Cleaner fuel
• Used as fuel for transport vehicles and as a sharing material for the
manufacturing of chemicals and fertilizers
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
• Combustion :
• A chemical reaction in which a substance is burned with the help of
oxygen in the air to produce heat and light is called combustion
• Flame :
• A flame is the region where combustion of a substance takes place
• Flame is produced by these substances which vapourize on heating
such as kerosene oil converts into vapour and produce flame
• Substance which do not vapourize , So it doesn’t produce any flame
Combustible and non-combustible substance
• Combustible :
• Substance that catch on fire easily in the presence of oxygen to
release heat and light
• Example : paper and perfume
• Non-combustible :
• Substance which do not burn or catch on fire in the presence of
oxygen
• Example : sand, rock, water and glass
 Types of combustion
• Rapid :
• Occurs when a substance burns rapidly
• release large amounts of heat
• substance which underage rapid combustion
• have lower ignition temperature
• exp : combustion of LPG
• Spontaneous :
• occurs when a substance unexpectedly bursts into flame and can cause a serious fire
• no external ignition is required
• exp : forest fires
• Explosion :
• when combustion is accompanied by sudden production of heat, light and sound
• large amount of gas/smoke
• exp : fire crackers and bombs
 Conditions necessary for combustion

• Presence of combustible substance

• Presence of supporter of combustion (oxygen)
• Heating the combustible substance to its ignition temperature
• Substance of combustion :
• Any substance or medium which supports combustion
• Non – substance of combustion :
• Gases which do not allow substances to burn
• Example : hydrogen and co2
• Ignition temperature :
• Lowest temp at which a substance catches fire and starts burning
• Inflammable substance :
• Substances that catch fire easily and have a lot ignition temp
Flame
Outermost zone Middle zone Intermost zone

Complete combustion Political combustion No combustion of wax

of wax as it burns in of wax vapour takes takes place
the presence of place as oxygen is not The wax vapour
oxygen available in sufficient doesn’t burn due to
amount deficient of o2 Learn this diagram

Appears blue in Appears yellowish Appears black in

colour orange in colour colour
Non-luminous zone Luminous zone Dark zone

Most hottest zone Moderate zone Least hottest zone