Présentation1 Generalities

NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL
Department of Preparatory Classes

2023/2024
Module : chimie 1
Structure de la matière
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Chapter 1
Generalities
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Matter
What is Matter?
In general, anything that has mass and takes up
or occupies space.
Examples
Pen Pencil
Books
air
Water
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 Matter can be classified as mixtures or pure substances.

These can be further sub-divided as shown in this Figure :
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 Pure substances
An element - is a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler,
- It is stable substances and is made of
one type of atom.
Only one kind of

atom is in any
element
Atoms of an element Molecules of an element

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Example 1
Carbon is an element and contains one kind of atom.
Example 2
copper wire
macroscopic scal microscopic scal
copper is an element and contains one kind of atom(Cu).

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Example 3
macroscopic scal microscopic scal
dioxygen bottle (O₂)

dioxygen
dioxygen is an element and contains one kind of atom(O₂).

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 Pure substances
A compound Each compound is made from the atoms of two

or more elements that are chemically bonded.
Compounds must have at

least two kind of atoms
Molecules of a compound
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Example 1
Sucrose
is an example of a compound. It is made of three

elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen(C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).
The atoms are chemically bonded to form a

molecule.
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Example 2
microscopic scal
macroscopic scal
Pur water H₂O

It is made of two elements: hydrogen, and oxygen.
The atoms are chemically bonded to form a

molecule H₂O
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 A mixture
Contains two or more substances present in it (in any ratio) which
are called its components.
Mixture of elements
and compound
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 A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
 Homogeneous mixture
the components completely mix with each other and its

composition is uniform throughout.
Uniform composition that means :
You can’t see the components of homogenous mixture

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Example 1
Sugar solution
Water molecule
Sugar molecule
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Example 2
The mixture of gases that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere is known as air.
Nitrogen makes up 78 % of this gas, which is mixed with oxygen (21%), water vapour
(variable), argon (0.9 %), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and trace gases.
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Example 3
milk Tea
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 Heterogeneous mixture
in heterogeneous mixtures, the composition is not uniform

throughout and the different components can be observed.
The composition is not uniform that means:

You can see the components of homogenous mixture
Examples
Water + oil Water + Soil

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States of Matter
Matter can exist in three physical states

The most famous
solid gas
liquid
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 solids
Examples
 The characteristics of this state on a human or macroscopic scale

a:
 Matter has a determined shape and occupies a volume that does not
change
solids are incompressible

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 liquids
Examples
Liquids have definite volume but not the definite shape.

They take the shape of the container in which they are placed
liquids are incompressible

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 Gas
Examples
Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape. They

completely occupy the container in which they are placed.
Gas expand or contract to fill a container
gas are compressible

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 The characteristics of this state on microscopic scale (example Water)
Water vapor Solid (Ice) Particales in solid

liquid Water  are tightly
Particales in gas packed,
usually in
 are well a regular
separated with pattern.
no regular
arrangement.  vibrate but
generally do
not move
 vibrate and from place to
move freely at place.
high speeds.
Particales in liquid :
 are close together with no regular arrangement.
 vibrate, move about, .
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Phase change
The conversion of matter from one state to another is called a phase change.
This process occurs when a large

amount of energy is gained or lost.
Freezing: Change of a substance from liquid phase to solid

Melting: Change from solid phase to liquid
Vaporization: Change from liquid to gaseous form
Condensation: Change from gas to liquid form
Sublimation: Change from solid to a gas without becoming a liquid
Deposition: Change from gas to solid without becoming a liquid
Recombination: Change from plasma to gas
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 Phase changes are significant physical changes that occur at

temperatures that are characteristic of the substance
During a physical change, some properties of the substance change,

but the composition of the material does not change.
Melting Point/Freezing Point -

The exact temperature at which a
solid becomes a liquid or a liquid
becomes a solid.
Boiling Point/ Condensation Point -

The exact temperature at which a
liquid becomes a gas or a gas
becomes a liquid.
Exemple: The boiling point of water is 100o C

at standard temperature and pressure
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Methods of separating Mixtures

Mixtures can be separated based on physical properties of the components of
the mixture.
Some methods used are

 Filtration.
 Decantation
 Distillation.
 Evaporation
 Magnetic separation
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1. Filtration
The process in which solid particles
in a liquid or gaseous fluid are
removed by the use of a filter
medium that permits the fluid to
pass through but retains the solid
particles.
Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles

removed from the fluid may be the desired
product
Example : Filtration of sand and water

mixture (diﬀerence in physical states)
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2. Decantation
Decantation in separating funnel
The process of decanting involves separating two immiscible liquids or a

solid-liquid mixture such as a suspension.
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3. Distillation
It is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible
liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient differences in thier
boiling point.
Example : A mixture of acetone and water is separated by distillation.

Boiling point of acetone is 56°C, and water is 100°C .
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4. Evaporation
It is the method of separation in
which liquid (solvant ) evaporates
and leaves the solid residue behind.
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5. Magnetic separation
Example : Separating iron filings from sand

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NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL

Department of Preparatory Classes

 Matter can be classified as mixtures or pure substances.

An element - is a pure substance that cannot be

Only one kind of

Atoms of an element Molecules of an element

copper is an element and contains one kind of atom(Cu).

dioxygen bottle (O₂)

dioxygen is an element and contains one kind of atom(O₂).

A compound Each compound is made from the atoms of two

Compounds must have at

is an example of a compound. It is made of three

The atoms are chemically bonded to form a

Pur water H₂O

The atoms are chemically bonded to form a

 A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

the components completely mix with each other and its

Uniform composition that means :

You can’t see the components of homogenous mixture

in heterogeneous mixtures, the composition is not uniform

The composition is not uniform that means:

Water + oil Water + Soil

Matter can exist in three physical states

 The characteristics of this state on a human or macroscopic scale

solids are incompressible

Liquids have definite volume but not the definite shape.

liquids are incompressible

Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape. They

Gas expand or contract to fill a container

gas are compressible

 The characteristics of this state on microscopic scale (example Water)

Water vapor Solid (Ice) Particales in solid

This process occurs when a large

Freezing: Change of a substance from liquid phase to solid

 Phase changes are significant physical changes that occur at

During a physical change, some properties of the substance change,

Melting Point/Freezing Point -

Boiling Point/ Condensation Point -

Exemple: The boiling point of water is 100o C

Methods of separating Mixtures

Some methods used are

Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles

Example : Filtration of sand and water

Decantation in separating funnel

The process of decanting involves separating two immiscible liquids or a

Example : A mixture of acetone and water is separated by distillation.

Example : Separating iron filings from sand

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