Muscular System

Chapter 7
The Muscular System
 Muscles are responsible for all types of
body movement – they contract or shorten
and are the machine of the body
 Three basic muscle types are found in the
body
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Function of Muscles
 1. Support the
body
 2. Allow for
movement by
making bones and
other body parts
move
 3. Maintain
constant body
temperature
 4. Assist in
movement of
cardiovascular
veins and lymph
 5. Protect internal
organs and
stabilize joints
 Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Sarcomere:
Sarcomere
Fascicle:
Fascicle units of
Muscle Muscle myofibrils
belly a bundle of Fiber:
Fiber responsible for
muscle fibers muscle cell the striated
appearance

Myofibrils: Myofilament: Myosin:

Myosin
Myofilament
structures protein thick
that make filaments that filaments
up a muscle make up a Actin:
Actin thin
fiber sarcomere filaments
Coverings of a Skeletal Muscle
 Skeletal muscles are
organs
 They contain muscle
fibers, nerves, and blood
vessels
 Connective tissue
membranes separate each
muscle structure
 Fascia – layer of fibrous
tissue that separates
muscles from each other
and from the skin
Coverings from largest to smallest
 Epimysium –
covers the entire
skeletal muscle
 Perimysium –
surrounds a
bundle of muscle
fibers (fascicle)
 Endomysium –
surrounds a single
muscle fiber (cell)
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
 Tendon – cord-like structure
 Sites of muscle attachment
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Connective tissue coverings
Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Fiber
(muscle cell)
 Cells are multinucleate
 Nuclei are just beneath the membrane
 Sarcolemma – specialized plasma
membrane
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in
muscle contraction
 Myofibril
 Bundles of myofilaments
 Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
 Lightband = “I band”
 Dark band = “A band”
 Sarcomere
 Contractileunit of a muscle fiber
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Thick filaments = myosin protein

 Thin filaments = actin protein

 Myosin and actin
overlap somewhat
in the sarcomere

 Myosin filaments
have heads
(extensions) that
can ‘grab’ onto
actin forming a
crossbridge
Physiology of Muscle Contraction
 Skeletal muscles
must be
stimulated by a
nerve (motor
neuron) to
contract
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
 Step 1: Nerve releases a neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine)
 Step 2: Neurotransmitter causes the
muscle cell membrane gates to open

 Step 3: Ions (Na+ & K+) exchange places

causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release Ca2+

 Step 4: This release of Ca+ starts the

muscle contraction as the actin filaments
slide past the myosin filaments
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
 Sliding Filament Model - a muscle
contracts when the thin filament in the
muscle fiber slides over the thick filament
 Activated by ATP and calcium (Ca+) ions
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
 1) An influx of Ca2+ causes thick myosin
filaments to form crossbridges with the
thin actin filament by exposing the binding
site on actin
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
 2) The crossbridges change shape as it pulls
on filaments which slides towards the center
of the sacromere in the power stroke
 The distance between the Z line decreases,
shortening the muscle.
 3) The crossbridges detach from the
actin filament when ATP bonds to
myosin head.
The Sliding Filament Theory
 4) The myosin head gets ready to bond to
actin again using ATP energy
 The cycle is repeated on another site of actin
filament using the stored ATP energy
Muscle Contraction
 Physiology of Muscle Contraction
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
 Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
 Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
 Graded responses – different degrees of
skeletal muscle shortening
 Rapid stimulus = constant contraction or
tetanus
 Muscle force depends upon the
number of fibers stimulated
 More fibers contracting results in
greater muscle tension
 Muscles can continue to contract
unless they run out of ATP or
Ca2+
 One molecule of ATP supplies
enough energy for one actin and
myosin cross-bridge
Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Muscles use stored ATP for energy
 Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
 Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles
 Three ways for muscle to make energy (ATP)

ATP production
for Muscle
Contraction

Fermentation
Creatine Cellular
(Anaerobic
Phosphate Respiration
Respiration)
1. Creatine Phosphate
 Creatine phosphate is a high-energy
compound and is the fastest way to
make ATP available for muscles
 Used for activities lasting < 15 seconds
 Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
 Reaction:
 Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine + ATP
 Creatine phosphate is made when a
muscle is at rest
2. Cellular Respiration
 Mitochondria use glucose
molecules to make ATP in
the presence of oxygen
 Provides most of a muscle’s
ATP
 Aerobic (needs oxygen)
 Used for activities lasting
hours
 Reaction
 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 +
6H2O + ATP energy
 1 glucose = 36 ATP
3. Anaerobic Respiration/
Fermentation
 Reaction that breaks down
glucose without oxygen
 Used for activities lasting 30
– 60 seconds
 Anaerobic (no oxygen)
 Reaction
 Glucose  pyruvic acid + 2 ATP
 lactic acid
 Lactic acid is also produced
and causes pain in the
muscle
 Heavy breathing after exercise is a sign of oxygen
deficiency
 A marathon runner is exhausted after crossing
the finish line because they have depleted not
only their oxygen but their glucose as well
 It takes up to two days to replace all of the
glucose in the muscles and glycogen in the liver
Muscles and Body Movements
 Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving an
attached bone
 Muscles are attached
to at least two points
 Insertion –
attachment to a
moveable bone
 Origin – attachment
to an immovable
bone
Types of Ordinary Body
Movements
 Flexion –
decreases angle of
joint and brings
two bones closer
together
 Extension-
increases angle of
joint
 Rotation- movement of a
bone in longitudinal axis,
shaking head “no”
 Abduction – moving
away from the midline
 Adduction - moving
toward the midline
 Circumduction - cone-
shaped movement,
proximal end doesn’t
move, while distal end
moves in a circle.
Types of Muscles
 Muscles work in opposing pairs
 Ex. Biceps (flexion of arm) and Triceps
(extension of arm)
 Prime mover – muscle that does most of
the work
 Synergist – muscle that helps a prime mover
in a movement
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 Direction of muscle fibers
 Example: rectus (straight), orbicularis (circular)
 Relative size of the muscle
 Example: maximus (largest), minimus
(smallest), longus (long), brevis (short)
 Location of the muscle
 Example: pectoralis (chest), external (outside),
frontalis (frontal)
 Number of origins
 Example: triceps (three heads)
 Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
 Example: sterno (on the sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
 Example: deltoid (triangular)
 Action of the muscle
 Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Affects of Aging on Muscles
1. Muscles that are not used are replaced by
connective tissue then by fat
2. With age comes degeneration of
mitochondria due to exposure to oxygen
and free radicals
3. Changes in the nervous system and
endocrine system also effect structure and
function of muscles
4. Muscles become weaker as we age but
exercise can stimulate muscle build-up
 She is 86 years young and a body builder.
 He is 80, and the oldest Iron man triathlon
participant.
(1.2 mile swim, a 56-mile bike and a 13.1 mile
run = 70.3 miles.)
Disorders relating to the Muscular
System
 Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle
enlarge due to increased fat and
connective tissue, but fibers degenerate
and atrophy
 Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to
maintain the sarcolemma
 Myasthemia Gravis: progressive
weakness due to a shortage of
acetylcholine receptors
Sprain verses Strain
 Strain – overstretching of
a muscle near a joint

 Sprain – twisting of a
joint leading to swelling
and injury to ligaments,
tendons, blood vessels and
nerves
 Myalgia and Tendinitis
 Myalgia –
inflammation of
muscle tissue
(arthritis on previous
slide)

 Tendinitis –
inflammation of the
tendon due to strain
of repeated activity