OE II_Unit 6_MOBILE DATA

NETWORKS

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 Course Contents
• Introduction, Data oriented CDPD networks,
GPRS, Wireless Access Protocol : WAP
architecture , Wireless Datagram ,Wireless
Transport layer security, wireless
transaction ,Wireless Session ,Wireless
Application Environment, WML

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 GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service
• Value added service to 2G to connect users to
IP (Internet Protocol) -based data networks
• Forms basis of Packet Switched Network
• Data rate up to 115 Kbps with GPRS and 384
Kbps with EDGE

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 Motivation for GPRS
• Wireless access to internet and intranet

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 Evolution of Wireless Services

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 Wireless roadmap

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 GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
• The GPRS is a non-voice high-speed packet switching
system developed for GSM networks.
• GPRS is a mobile communications standard that runs
on 2G and 3G networks to enable moderately high-
speed data transfers. using packet-based technologies.
• GPRS is an overlay on top of the GSM physical layer
and network entities.
• It extends data capabilities of GSM and provides
connection to external packet data networks through
the GSM infrastructure with short access time to the
network

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 GPRS:
• GPRS is an enhancement of the GSM. It uses exactly the same
physical radio channels as GSM, and only new logical GPRS radio
channels are defined.
• Allocation of these channels is flexible: from one to eight radio
interface timeslots can be allocated per TDMA frame. The active users
share timeslots, and uplink and downlink are allocated separately.
• Physical channels are taken from the common pool of available
channels in the cell. Allocation to circuit switched services and GPRS
is done dynamically according to a “capacity on demand” principle.
This means that the capacity allocation for GPRS is based on the
actual need tor packet transfers. GPRS does not require permanently
allocated physical channels.
• GPRS offers permanent connections to the Internet with volume
based charging that enables a user to obtain a less expensive
connection to the Internet.

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 GPRS
• The GPRS MSs (terminals) are of three types.
• Class A terminals operate GPRS and other GSM services simultaneously.
• Class B terminals can monitor all services, but operate either GPRS or
another service, such as GSM, one at a time.
• Class C terminals operate only GPRS service. This way there are options to
have high-end or low-end terminals.
• GPRS has some limitations in that there is only a limited cell capacity for
all users and speeds much lower in reality.
• There is no store and forward service in case the MS is not available. The
more popular SMS: short messaging service provides this feature.
• The adaptation of GPRS to the IS-136 TDMA cellular standard is called
GPRS- 136. It is very similar to GPRS except that it uses 30 kHz physical
channels instead of 200 kHz physical channels. Also there is no separate
BSC.
• It can use coherent 8-PSK in addition to u/4-DQPSK to increase
throughput over a limited area. This concept is similar to the 2.5G data
service called enhanced datii rates for glohal evolution (EDGE).
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 GPRS mobile types

Class A:
• Simultaneous GPRS and conventional GSM operation
• Supports simultaneous circuit switched and GPRS data transfer
Class B:
• Can be attached to both GPRS and conventional GSM services
simultaneously
• Can listen circuit switched and GPRS pages (via GPRS)
• Supports either circuit switched calls or GPRS data transfer but not
simultaneous communication
Class C:
• Alternatively attached in GPRS or conventional GSM
• No simultaneous operation
• ‘GPRS only’ mobiles also possible (e.g. for telemetric applications)
 Circuit and Packet Switching
• Circuit Switching
o Dedicated resources to each user
o Higher performance and higher cost
• Packet Switching
o Shares resources with multiple users
o Lower performance and lower cost
o Requires MAC (Medium Access Control)
o Requires memory buffering

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 GPRS: Location and Handoff Management
• The location and mobility management procedures in GPRS are based on keeping track of the
MSs location and having the ability to route packets to it accordingly. The SGSN and the GGSN
play the role of foreign and HAs (visiting and home databases) in GPRS.
• Location management depends on three states in which the MS can be.
• In the IDLE state the MS is not reachable, and all PDP contexts are deleted.
• In the STANDBY state, movement across routing areas is updated to the SGSN but not across
cells.
• In the READY state, every movement of the MS is indicated to the SGSN.
• The reason for the three states is based on following conditions.
• If the MS updates its location too often, it consumes battery power and wastes the air interface
resources.
• If it updates too infrequently, a system wide paging is needed; this is also a waste of resources.
• A standby state focuses the area to the service area of the SGSN. In the standby state, there is a
medium chance of packets addressed to the MS.
• The ready state pinpoints the area when the chances of packets reaching are high. Routing area
updates that are part of the standby state are of two types.
• In the intra BTS BSC BTS HLR BSC M i SGSN RA update, the SGSN already has the user profile and
PDP context. A new temporary mobile subscriber identity is issued as part of routing area
update “accept.” The HLR need not be updated.
• In an inter-SGSN RA update, the new RA is serviced by a new SGSN. The new SGSN requests the
old SGSN to send the PDP contexts of the MS. The new SGSN informs the home GGSN, the GR,
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and other GGSNs about the user's new routing context. 12
 Circuit Switching Network

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 Packet Switching Network

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 GPRS Network

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 GPRS access interfaces and reference points
R reference point Um Gi reference point

PDNs or
TE MT GPRS network 1 other networks

MS Gp

GPRS network 2

• GPRS provides packet switched connections

from MS to packet data networks (PDN)
• Different operator’s GPRS networks are
connected through Gp interface
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GPRS as seen by external networks and GPRS users
HOS T
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .5 5
GP RS
S UB NETWORK

S UB NETWORK
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .XXX

"Ro u te r"

S UBNETWORK S UBNETWORK
1 91.2 0 0.44 .XXX 1 3 1.4 4 .15.XXX

P a c ke t C o rp ora te 2
C o rp ora te 1
nDa
ne
ta
two rko rk
e tw
Ro ute r
Ro u te r
(Inte rn e t)

Lo c a l Lo c a l
HOS T a re a a re a HOS T
1 9 1 .2 0 0 .4 4 .2 1 n e tw o rk ne tw o rk 1 3 1 .4 4 .1 5 .3

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 GPRS Network Terms

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 Interfaces, reference points and network elements
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC

MAP-H MAP-C
Gd
MSC/VLR HLR
MAP-D
Gs Gc
A
Gb Gr Gi
TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN PDN TE
Gn
R Um Gp MAP-F
EIR
GGSN

Other PLMN

Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
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 Functional view on GPRS
BTS BSC Packet
Um network
PSTN
R/S

MSC
SMS-GMSC
Gb HLR/AuC
Gs Gr Gd
Gr Gd
Serving GPRS Packet Corporate 1
Support Node Gs SS7
network
(SGSN) Gn Network Server
EIR
Border GPRS
Gateway (BG) Intra-PLMN INFRASTRUCTURE MAP-F
Packet
Inter-PLMN backbone
network
Backbone network Router
Local
network Gp (IP based) Gateway GPRS Firewall area
Support Node Data
Packet
Firewall Point-To- network
(GGSN) network
network
Multipoint Gn (Internet)
Service Gi.IP
Corporate 2
Center Server
(PTM SC) Gi.X.25
Data
Packet
Firewall
network
network
(X.25)
Router
Local
area
network
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 Major functions of SGSN
Main functions
• Provides Packet Switching and routing for GPRS services- analogous to MSC in
2G
• Contains a database of subscribers, including visitors (roamers) and home
subscribers- analogous to VLR in 2G
• Handles authentication and admission control – analogous to MSC/HLR/AuC
Functionally connected with BSC, physically can be at MSC or BSC site
• One for few BSCs or one (or few) per every BSC
• One SGSN can support BSCs of several MSC sites
• Authenticates GPRS mobiles
• Handles mobile’s registration in GPRS network
• Handles mobile’s mobility management
• Relays MO and MT data traffic
• TCP/IP header compression, V.42bis data compression, error control MS- SGSN
(ARQ)
• Collect charging information of air interface usage
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 Major functions of GGSN
Main functions
• Provides Packet Switching and Routing for GPRS services
• Provides interface to external Public Data Networks (PDNs) e.g. the Internet
• First point of contact for packet session originating outside the PLMN Typically
located at one of the MSC sites
• One (or few) per operator
• Interface to external data networks
• Resembles to a data network router
• Forwards end user data to right SGSN
• Routes mobile originated packets to right destination
• Filters end user traffic
• Collects charging information for data network usage
• Data packets are not sent to MS unless the user has activated the PDP address

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 Major functions of GERAN
• Handles admission control

• Handles radio resource management

• Performs packet relay and routing functions

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 Typical 2.5G Wireless Terminal
VCXO_ON
I2C PMIC

Vcc Synth
Vcc RX
Vcc TX
JTAG

Aux Pins

ABB
Audio I/F

Vcc
Baseband

Vcc ABB

Vcc RX
VCTCXO
Manitoba

Vcc TX
Vcc Synth
Vcc
Vcc
Port Rx Data
AFE
Aux. RX

Port GPRS Tx Data Vcc Synth

Voiceband mixed 13MHz

Port signal VCTCXO
Synthesizer
SPI RF Filter
solution Control

Control Vcc
GSM/GPRS
VCTCXO

GSM/ RF solution Vcc TX

T/R Switch
GPRS 13MHz MAIN
VCO SPI
Digital SPI Control
Baseband Control

RFCLK
Control
(13MHz) TX TX VCO
Control LPF
Vcc TX
Band Vcc TX

PA
Vcc
Manitoba

Ramp Control
Ramp Control
PA Control
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 GPRS operations
Security: Basic security rules
• Authentication, key management, ciphering
GPRS attach
Data transmission
• MO, MT, MO+MT
Mobility management
Interworking with GSM services
 Security: Based on GSM phase 2
Authentication
• SGSN uses same principle as MSC/VLR:
• Get triplet, send RAND to MS, wait for SRES from MS, use Kc
• MS can’t authenticate the network
Key management in MS
• Kc generated same way from RAND using Ki as in GSM
Ciphering
• Ciphering algorithm is optimized for GPRS traffic (‘GPRS - A5’)
• Ciphering is done between MS and SGSN
User confidentiality
• IMSI is only used if a temporary identity is not available
• Temporary identity (TLLI) is exchanged over ciphered link
 GPRS Attach
GPRS Attach function is similar to IMSI attach
• Authenticate the mobile
• Generate the ciphering key
• Enable the ciphering
• Allocate temporary identity (TLLI)
• Copy subscriber profile from HLR to SGSN
After GPRS attach
• The location of the mobile is tracked
• Communication between MS and SGSN is secured
• Charging information is collected
• SGSN knows what the subscriber is allowed to do
• HLR knows the location of the MS in accuracy of SGSN
 Data transfer: Basic rules (1/4)
• SGSN:
• Does not interpret user data, except
• SGSN may perform TCP/IP header compression
• Does not interpret source or destination addresses
• Sends all packets to specified GGSN that handles the PDP
context

• GGSN:
• Performs optional filtering
• Decides where and how to route the packet
 Mobility management
Instead of Location Area, GPRS uses Routing Areas to group cells.
RA is a subset of LA.
• IDLE:
• MS is not known by the network (SGSN)

• STANDBY:
• MS’s location is known in accuracy of Routing Area
• MS can utilize DRX (to save battery)
• MS must inform its location after every Routing Area change (no
need to inform if MS changes from one cell to another within same
Routing Area)
• Before the network can perform MT data transfer MS must be
paged within the Routing Area
• MS may initiate MO data transfer at any time
 Mobility management
• READY:
• MS’s location is known in accuracy of cell
• MS must inform its location after every cell change
• MS can initiate MO data transfer at any time
• SGSN does not need to page the MS before MT data
transfer
• MS listens continuously GPRS PCCCH channel
• DRX in READY state is optional
 Mobility management

Mobility management messages:

• Cell update (implicit, with any message)
• When MS changes the cell within a Routing Area in READY
state
• Routing Area update
• When MS changes the cell between two Routing Areas in
READY or STANDBY state
• Two types of Routing Area Updates (from MS’s point of view
only one type)
– Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update
– Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
• Periodic Routing Area updates are applicable
 EDGE
• Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution

• Also called as Enhanced GPRS or EGPRS

• Improves efficiency of GPRS by use of

advanced modulation technique- Octal PSK or
8 PSK Modulation

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 Wireless Access Protocol : WAP

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 WAP architecture

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 Wireless Datagram

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 Wireless Transport layer security

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 wireless transaction

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 Wireless Session

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 Wireless Application Environment

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 WML

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