Brunei

Darussalam
Education
Vission
 Vision of education in Indonesia Vision of education in Brunei
Darussalam
Creating humans who have religious Creating people who have morals and
spiritual strength, self-control, religion and master technology
personality, intelligence, noble morals
and skills needed for themselves,
society, nation and state
Education Scorecard
Aspect Indonesia Education Brunei Education
Scorecard Scorecard
Pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) 27,26 : 1 15.4 : 1
Elementary school 95,3% 100%
sustainability
Education Index Score : 0,603.Indonesia Score : 0.692. Brunei
ranks 108 th in the world Darussalam ranks 30th in
and 6th in Southeast Asia the world and 2nd in
Southeast Asia
Education for all 68 (Medium) 43 (High)
Development Index (EFA
Delevopment Index)
Human Development 116 (Medium) 39 (Very high)
Indeks
Literacy Rate 96% 97%
Teacher salary Start from Rp.150.000 to The smallest :
Rp.6.000.000 B$1.000/month = Rp
9.695.150. Average : B$
2.500/Month = Rp
24.237.875
Education System
 Level of education
Indonesia
Educational Pattern 6-3-3
9 Years of compulsory education
Free for elementary school level
'National Plus' private schools are
allowed to exceed the minimum
requirements of the government
curriculum, especially in English or the
international curriculum
The development of teacher
competency still depends on the
activity of each teacher
Brunei Darussalam
Educational Pattern 7-3-2-2 similar like
United Kingdom,Malaysia,and
Singapore
11 Years of compulsory education
Free from elementary school-
university (Elaun)
Since 1992, with the exception of 2
international schools, they have been
asked to follow the curriculum and
program structure of the national
education system
Every teacher is entitled to at least
100 hours of professional development
annually
 Indonesia Brunei Darussalam
PAUD (Preschool) 3-5 years old

Preschool (1 year) University

Elementary School (6 years) University/Polytechnic/Academy

Elementary School (6
Pra university (2 years)
years)

Secondary School ( 3 years)

Senior Highschool/Vocational Senior
Junior High School ( 3 years)
Highschool (3 years)
In 11 eleven grade Highschool/Vocational
students can take part in Highschool (2 years)
an accelerated program
 Aspect Indonesia Brunei Darussalam

Curriculum Curriculum 2013 SPN 21 (Sistem Pendidikan

Nasional Abad 21)
Subjects • Indonesian • Language
• Mathematics • Mathematics
• Natural science • Science
• Social science • Social Sciences and
• Arts, Education, Physical Humanities
• Religion (especially Islam) • Art and culture
• Local Content (Usually filled in • Technology
regional languages) • Knowledge of Islamic Religion
and Malay Islamic Monarchy
• Health and Physical Education
Language Indonesian Bilingual ( English- Melayu)

Information and Taught as an extracurricular and is Compulsory subjects and its use
Communications Technology not mandatory is emphasized in all subjects
(ICT) Position
English Position Taught as an extracurricular and is Used as an introduction to all
not mandatory until Junior High subjects
School
The Kingdom of Brunei Darussalam makes education free from elementary school to
university so there are no monthly fees. The kingdom also provides pick-up buses for students
whose distance is at least 5 km. In the afternoon after school, students in Brunei Darussalam
are required to attend a “Sekolah Ugama” religious school which has its own building and is
free too. . When entering college, students are given "Elaun" or a monthly allowance of around
B$300 (Rp. 3,200,000) every month with certain pre-requisites such as being active, grade
category and not repeating classes, for students who are sent to universities abroad." "Elaun"
will cover daily living expenses and "Elaun" dormitory for the duration of the education
Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa alumnus, son of West
Aceh, is studying for a baccalaureate degree at
Seri Begawan Religious University, reporting from
Brunei Darussalam
Source: worldbank.org
Economics
Brunei Darussalam is nicknamed the "Petro Dollar" country because it has the highest per capita income
among countries in Asia, namely 31,410 USD.
Brunei's economic activities are supported by oil and gas production of up to 60%.
However, before oil and gas were discovered, Brunei Darussalam was a poor country relying on rubber
and sago as its main export, until in 1899 exploration for oil and gas in Brunei was carried out and
involved 6 companies, one of which was Royal Dutch Shell, but because it had not met the commercial
mining requirements, 5 companies withdrew and left behind Royal Dutch Shell until finally in 1929
commercial oil and gas was discovered in the Seria region by the British Himalayan Petroleum Company
which is a subsidiary of Shell which has now changed its name to "Brunei Shell Petroleum Company"
Now Brunei Darussalam is the 3rd largest oil and gas producer in Southeast Asia with oil production of
180,000 barrels per day according to the IMF (International Monetary Fund). This brings Brunei to the
3rd largest oil producer in Southeast Asia and 9th in the world. According to Nomand Capitalis, these 2
sectors contribute 95% of Brunei's export income to several countries such as Japan, South Korea,
Thailand and Malaysia. Based on CGTN, the Oil and Gas sector also contributes 60% of state income
and 40% from other sectors such as tourism, trade, services and investment. Brunei's division system
with Shell is 50:50,
However, Brunei almost went bankrupt, according to The Diplomat. In 2016, Brunei Darussalam had a
fiscal deficit where state expenditure was higher than its income. According to CSPS, Brunei's condition
was even worse than Greece, which was currently experiencing a crisis. This is because the price of oil
has dropped drastically and has had an impact on income which has dropped drastically and is even
categorized as the worst level in the last 10 years. Brunei is categorized as a country that is vulnerable to
becoming a poor country if it only relies on oil and gas because oil and gas are resources that are not
available. can be renewed so that one day the reserves could run out if exploited continuously, besides
that there is the possibility of oil being abandoned considering that technology that relies on electricity
has begun to emerge.
Economics
Therefore, the Kingdom has begun to develop long-term plans to diversify the economy or develop state
income in other sectors in the hope that it will not only depend on oil and natural gas. This long term plan
is almost similar to Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 but in Brunei this long term plan is called Wawasan Brunei
2035 which results in that to achieve this plan the government prepares quality Human Resources
through education, skill development and improving the quality of life because the Kingdom realizes that
without resources Quality human resources, no matter how well planned, will be difficult to achieve,
therefore vital facilities such as health and education are prioritized, as proof that apart from Elaun,
Brunei also does not charge toll fees with the aim of helping mobilization. Apart from that, fuel oil is also
relatively cheap with prices starting from 31 cents. (Rp. 3,500) while for RON 97 it costs 53 cen (Rp.
5,500). This is even cheaper than a glass of iced tea, which costs B$1 (Rp. 10,500). Therefore, in Brunei
many cars used are cars with high cc. The human development index (HDI), which is an index that
includes three indicators, namely health, life span, education, knowledge and decent living standards in
Brunei is 0.83. Brunei's health facilities are also free for Bruneian citizens (Yellow IC Card) and
permanent residents ( IC Red Card) is provided with health insurance from the government so that if you
check your health at a clinic or hospital you will only be charged B$1 (10,500) for administration fees,
for pediatric patients there is no charge whatsoever. The clinics are spread out like community health
centers in Indonesia, Brunei residents receive facilities for medical check-ups every 3 to 6 months. The
royal hospital is also free for residents who need to be hospitalized or are seriously ill and if the disease
cannot be treated in Brunei and needs to go abroad like Singapore then the kingdom will take the patient
abroad and the government will cover the costs, even for the delivery the patient will get an elaun for the
purpose of connecting. life while abroad. In Brunei, residents aged 60 years and over also get ELaun of
B$ 250 (Rp. 2,600,000) every month, which is profit from oil and gas. Approaching the Eid holiday,
prices in Brunei remain stable, there is no increase in basic commodities. For Government Loans, interest
is set at 0% for employees working in the government sector which is usually used for residential
construction without usury.
Economics
 According to the ASEAN Briefing, even though the country's income is small, because the
population is small and has a lot of state assets, taxes in Brunei Darussalam are among the lowest
in Asia. You could say there is almost no tax because there is no need to pay income tax, asset
ownership, tax on dividends, royalties, value added, exports and manufacturing. Even though the
tax sector has been cut, it still exists with a small percentage, such as no worker's income tax, but
company tax is still there and remains at 18.5% and still gets a cut, according to the Asian Briefing
for the first B$ 100,000 that will go into the company's income will be taxed at 25% of the total
tax, then for income of B$ 150,000 then it will be taxed at 50% of the total tax and for the next
higher income it will be subject to the normal tax of 18.5%. The government of Brunei Darussalam
takes the largest tax from companies that extract oil reserves in Brunei, namely 55% of total
income, this shows that the oil and gas sector is very important for Brunei. Brunei deliberately
applies this low tax with the aim of attracting attention to opening a business in Brunei for both the
public and foreigners. According to Databoks, the average salary in Brunei is US$3,590 per month
or Rp. 54.98 million rupiah. Indicators of the good and bad of a country's economy can be seen
from GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and the average income of each resident in a country, but this
is often biased because the price of goods in one country may be different from another country, so
another option is to use Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) or a comparison of the nominal amount of
money needed between countries to buy the same goods, currently Brunei's PPP is the best in the
world because according to Nomand Capitalist Brunei is the 5th richest country in the world with
GDP PPP > 71,000 USD, Brunei is only behind Singapore which is in 3rd place with GDP PPP >
82,000 USD. the world and 2nd in Southeast Asia.
MIBC
It features modern skyscrapers, shopping centers, and
luxury residential buildings, and is known as the
"Moscow City" development.
Economics
Indonesia adheres to the Pancasila economic system (SEP) based on Pancasila, the 1945 Law and
GBHN, which means the economic system is in accordance with national values ​such as mutual
cooperation and mutual support.
Indonesia has been named an industrial country because the industrial sector is the largest contributor to
the national economy with a contribution reaching 20%. Other sectors are tourism, fisheries and
infrastructure. With this manufacturing percentage, Indonesia is in the top five countries in the world
whose industrial contribution is quite high compared to England at 10%. According to the Minister of
Industry, Airlangga Hartarto, the world already views that manufacturing is a vital sector for the
economy. Based on the Central Statistics Agency, it released data on Indonesia's trade balance deficit in
2018 amounting to USD 8.57 billion. This is the largest deficit since 1975, and is caused by oil and gas
imports. According to economist at the Institute for Economic and Financial Development Bhima
Yudhistira, the government must encourage an increase in oil lifting. in the country by creating quality oil
and gas investment, especially in the exploration sector and must be able to reduce gas imports through
the mandatory 20% biodiesel acceleration program. This is interesting considering that Indonesia
occupies 75% of the island of Kalimantan while Brunei occupies 14% of the area of ​the island of
Kalimantan but can maximize oil and gas, even though Indonesia is able to produce 650,000 barrels per
day but there are 800 times more people to support. For Indonesia's per capita income, based on the 2023
Ministry of Communication and Informatics, Indonesia's per capita income shot up in July 2022 to US$
4,580 and because it has crossed the threshold of US$ 4,466, Indonesia has been designated by the world
as an Upper Middle Income country. Based on data from the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Indonesia is the largest palm oil producing country in the world with production reaching 45.5
million metric tons (MT).
According to the Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture, Muhadjir Effendy, he
emphasized that Indonesia's current human development index (HDI) position is 73.37, which is
considered high internationally, while the Presidential Chief of Staff, Moeldoko, said that currently
Indonesia is in the category of upper middle income countries or upper middle income. According to
Moeldoko, this is indicated by Indonesia's per capita income which has shot up to US$4,580 in July
2022. This figure has exceeded the limit of US$4,466 set by the World Bank for the upper middle income
country category. And it passes the threshold set by the World Bank and this is an improvement.
Meanwhile, Indonesia's tourism sector ranked 32nd in the Travel and Tourism Development Index
(TTDI), increasing the contribution of tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022 from 2.4 percent in
2021 to 3.6 percent, increasing the value of tourism foreign exchange in 2022 from 0 .52 billion US
dollars in 2021 to 4.26 billion US dollars, and an increase in the added value of the creative economy
from IDR 1,191 trillion in 2021 to IDR 1,236 trillion. Not only that, in 2022 there will also be an
increase in the number of foreign tourist visits and the number of movements domestic tourists. There
will be 4.58 million foreign tourist visits in 2022 and domestic tourist movements will reach 633 million
movements. For the fisheries sector, based on 2020 data, Indonesia is in 8th position as the world's main
exporter of fishery products. Meanwhile, the cumulative export value of Indonesian fishery products for
the January-June 2021 period reached USD 2.6 billion or an increase of 7.3 percent compared to the
same period the previous year. However, every time the holidays approach, almost all basic necessities
skyrocket in the average market throughout Indonesia. The highest increase occurred in red cayenne
pepper at 13.01 percent. Based on the National Food Agency's Price Panel for basic necessities such as
chilies, according to him, prices are still at a high level. He said that the average red cayenne pepper is
now at IDR 55,000 - IDR 60,000 per kilogram. Then for chicken eggs, Reynaldi said they were priced at
IDR 29,000 to IDR 30,000. Meanwhile, purebred chickens are still consistently at IDR 39,000 to IDR
40,000 per head. For old age benefits. Based on BPJS Employment Old Age Security is in the form of
cash, the amount of which is the accumulation of all contributions that have been paid plus the results of
their development. The cash from Old Age Security benefits can be paid all at once or in part. Cash is
paid all at once if the participant:
• reach the age of 56 years
• stop working because you have resigned and are not actively working anywhere
• have been laid off, and are not actively working anywhere
• leave Indonesian territory forever
• permanent total disability, or death.
This is also the result of contributions paid by participants of 3.7% of a month's wages plus employee
contributions of 2% of a month's wages. The human development index in Indonesia based on the
Central Statistics Agency is 73.37%, which is relatively high according to the Coordinating Minister for
Human Development and Culture, Muhadjir Effendy. Meanwhile, for Indonesian health facilities,
Emergency Doctors cause Indonesia to be ranked 139th worst out of 194 countries because there is still a
lack of numbers. doctors, especially specialist and sub-specialist doctors and also the distribution has not
improved. In the data ratio summarized by WHO, if a country succeeds in meeting the "golden line"
where the ideal ratio of the number of doctors, including general practitioners and specialists, is 1/1000
or 1 doctor per 1000 population. If a country succeeds in meeting the "golden line", then it can be
categorized as successful and responsible to its people in the health sector. The latest figures obtained
from WHO and also the World Bank, Indonesia's ratio is at 0.46/ 1000. This figure brings Indonesia to
the third lowest position in ASEAN after Laos 0.3/1000 and Cambodia 0.42/1000. If we compare it with
Thailand and the Philippines we are still below it, especially with Malaysia and Singapore. In fact, if we
talk about The matter of state protection in the law has also been written in Market 34 paragraph 3 where
"The state is responsible for providing adequate health service facilities and public service facilities."
Yes, one of the important keys to the health system is doctors. Health is an important indicator in
determining the welfare of society in a country. The healthier the population, the more prosperous they
are. According to the Minister of Health, Budi Gunadi Sadikin, Indonesia currently only has around 14
thousand active doctors for a population of 270 million people. This means that the ratio of doctors in
Indonesia is still 1 to 19 thousand people. This figure is of course still far from the WHO standard,
namely 1 general practitioner to 1,000 people. If Indonesia wants to follow this standard, it must increase
the number of doctors 19 times the number currently active. Apart from that, the problem is that the
prices of medicines and medical devices are said to be less affordable because they are imported and
receive high import duties, so that in the end the price that patients have to pay will inevitably be higher.

MIBC
It features modern skyscrapers, shopping centers, and
luxury residential buildings, and is known as the
"Moscow City" development.
The World Bank (World Bank) noted that Indonesia's tax ratio is the lowest compared to other
developing countries (emerging and developing market economies/ EMDEs). World Bank Senior
Economist World Bank Senior Economist for Indonesia Ralph Van Doorn said that Indonesia's
revenue compared to the gross domestic product (GDP) or revenue-to-GDP ratio in 2018 was
recorded at 14.6 percent. This number is very low compared to other developing countries, which
average 27.8 percent. Apart from that, Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest
difference between actual revenue and potential revenue. Based on research conducted by the
World Bank, Indonesia's tax revenue ratio is far below developing countries, for example Brazil,
India, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Dominican Republic. Indonesia is known to
only have a slight lead over Sri Lanka. Based on a report from the Ministry of Finance
(Kemenkeu), the realization of tax revenues reached IDR 830.29 trillion in January-May 2023.
This value grew 17.7% annually (year-on-year/yoy) and is equivalent to 48.33% of the Revenue
Budget target and 2023 State Expenditure (APBN) amounting to IDR 1,718 trillion. Based on
sector, the mining sector contributes the largest tax to Indonesia. This sector contributes up to
62.9% of total tax revenue until May 2023. The sector that makes the second largest contribution
to taxation is transportation and warehousing, namely 46.5%. Furthermore, the corporate services
sector contributed 37.7% to total tax revenues. The financial services and insurance sector
reportedly contributed 28.2% to the country's tax revenues. The tax contribution from the
information and communications sector was recorded at 15.5%.
Meanwhile, the construction and real estate sectors contributed 10.9% to taxes. Meanwhile, tax
contributions from the processing industry and trade sectors were 9.4% and 9.3% respectively.
Apart from tax revenues, there are also state revenues from customs and excise. Until the end of
May 2023, the value reached IDR 118.36 trillion or 39.04% of this year's target has been collected.
Social MilitaryPolitics
Social
Brunei Darussalam is a country with an area of 5,765 km2, similar to the island of Bali, where the area of Bali is
5,780km2, only a difference of 15 km, but the population is much denser, Bali is 4.3 people while Brunei is at 438,000.
Brunei Darussalam comes from the word brunei which means new. This was obtained from oral notes from Syair Awang
Semaun. Meanwhile, Darussalam comes from Arabic which means a peaceful place. Brunei's culture is heavily
influenced by Islamic teachings and the majority of the population is Malay. So according to tradition, Bruneian people
do not shake hands with members of the opposite sex, in Brunei alcoholic drinks and cigarettes are also prohibited from
being sold in small shops or supermarkets and there are no night entertainment venues. 67% of Bruneian citizens are
Muslim, 10% Christian, 13% Buddhist. and animism and 10% beliefs, which are generally adhered to by non-Malays. In
terms of landscape, the northern coast of Brunei is a relatively wide plain area and in this area there is Brunei Bay, the
southern part has rougher relief and is hilly and borders directly with the state of Sarawak (Malaysia). The height of this
southern area ranges from 1000-1500 meters above sea level. and is part of the slopes of the Crocker Mountains, in the
western part of the Brunei region there is the Baram River, the Baram River has an important meaning for the traffic
activities of the people of Brunei
Social MilitaryPolitics
 Military
Royal Brunei Armed Forces (Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei [ABDB]) is the armed forces of the state of Brunei
which was formed on 31 May 1961. Consisting of the Royal Brunei Army, Royal Brunei Navy, and Royal Brunei Air
Force. The head of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces is the supreme commander and is held by the Sultan of Brunei, and
the incumbent is Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. They are managed under the Ministry of Defense. Consisting of the Army,
Navy and Air Force, Brunei Darussalam's military expenditure costs US$ 597 million. Brunei Darussalam, which
apparently is not included in the list of 142 countries, actually sounds strange to see Brunei's leader Sultan Hassanal
Bolkiah included in the list of one of the richest people in Asia. Where his wealth is obtained from the oil and gas
industry, the leader of this country owns more than 500 Rolls cars -Royc, and his tenth son Duli Yang Teramat Mulia
Paduka Seri Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen was a major educated at the Commissioning Course for military officers at
the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, England and On 21 September 2021, Prince 'Abdul Mateen underwent the All
Arms Commando Course (AACC) at the Royal Marines Commando Training Center (CTCRM), Lympstone, Devon ,
United Kingdom.
As of August 29 2023, the total number of Brunei Darussalam's military is 9,950 personnel, consisting of 7,000 active
troops (land force, navy and air force), 700 reserve troops, and 2,250 paramilitary troops (carabiners, military police,
guard national and others) This Sultanate is known to have one of the weakest militaries in the world. However, even
though Brunei's military is one of the weakest in the world, Brunei is known as one of the safest countries. The crime rate
in this country is very low so that residents feel safe and comfortable doing their activities in various places. For the main
weapon system for land forces, 16 modern FV101 Scorpion tanks produced by Alvis Vickers, England in 1973, have
high mobility. 40 units of Anoa armored vehicles which were souvenirs after visiting Indonesia in 2018, 1 offshore patrol
vessels from Germany and 4 units of inshore patrol vessels for the air, one CN-235 unit, one Bell 214 helicopter, 6 BO-
105 helicopters , 12 Sikorsky S70i helicopters, 3 Bell 206 units and 4 PC7 MK2 units and no fighter jets at all.
Social MilitaryPolitics
 Politics
The political system is very important for a country because it is an important
basis that supports the existence of a country internationally and can defend and
have an impact on the country's defense, for example during diplomacy/political
disputes. Brunei Darussalam has a sultanate type government with an absolute
monarchy based on Islam according to the Sunnah wal Jamaah expert group and
the head of state is Yang maha mulia Paduka seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal
Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah .He also served as head of government and
concurrently prime minister and minister of defense, assisted by the sultanate's
advisory council and several ministers with the hereditary MIB (Malay Islamic
Empire) ideology, making it more economical because it did not require elections.
The constitution used is Islamic law (MIB) and "Brunei Darussalam's constitution
of 1959 with amendments through 2006 (written) Brunei is non-parliamentary so
there is no division of power like Indonesia with its mono-party/single party
political system (national development party/national development party) if there
is a change to the constitution through a constitutional amendment it becomes the
absolute authority of the sultan by first submitting it to the people's representative
council. Executive state institutions (His majesty the sultan- and yang di
pertuan/king/sultan), legislative (state assembly), judiciary (qadi/Ma's court) with
the Brunei Dollar (B$) currency equivalent to the Singapore Dollar or B$1
equivalent to IDR 11,614.05
Social MilitaryPolitics
Social
According to Worldometer, Indonesia is ranked 15th in the largest country in the world. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the largest country with the longest coastline.
Quoting the website of the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) with the Indonesian Navy's Hydrographic and Oceanographic Center, the area of Indonesia is 8.3 million
square kilometers. With a water area of 6.4 million and a land area of 1.9 million square kilometers. Meanwhile, citing the website of the Directorate General of Marine
Spatial Management, KKP, the number of islands in Indonesia has reached 17,499. According to the latest Central Statistics Agency (BPS) data, the population in Indonesia
has now reached 278.69 million people in mid-2023. This figure has increased by 1 .05% from the previous year (year-on-year/yoy). According to historians, the term
Indonesia only appeared in the 19th century. This name, which comes from the words "Indus" (Indies) and "nesia" (islands), was the idea of British lawyer James
Richardson Logan and his colleague and geographer, George Windsor Earl. There are at least 300 ethnic groups and 1,340 tribes in the country. The factors causing
Indonesia's ethnic and cultural diversity consist of four things. Starting from the location of the region, the archipelagic shape of the country, various natural conditions, to
the conditions of transportation and communication in each region.
For the percentage of the Muslim population: 87.02% of the population in the country. Christians: 7.43%, Catholics 3.06%, Hindus 1.69%. Then, as much as 0.73% of
Indonesia's population is Buddhist, and Confucianism is 0.03%. Meanwhile, there are 0.04% of Indonesia's population who adhere to religious beliefs. For landscapes,
Indonesia is located in 2 mountainous areas, namely the Pacific and Mediterranean circumferences and is located on several plates of the earth, which results in the
landscape in the Indonesian region having various differences in the height of the earth's surface. Vertica (relief) Some examples of relief in Indonesia include lowlands,
highlands, mountains, for example Mount Jaya Wijaya, Dieng Plateau, Kapuas River (the longest river, and the largest lake, Lake Toba with natural potential for fertile soil
(because in Indonesia there are many mountains). fire), has a wide coastline and sea, is rich in natural resources (mining, agricultural products, plantations and forestry), has
abundant alternative energy sources (sunlight, waterfalls, wind, geothermal heat and also waves) is known as a maritime country and Indonesia has the largest population in
Southeast Asia and is known as a multicultural country
Social MilitaryPolitics
As stated in the 1945 Law, article 1 paragraph 1, Indonesia is a

Politics
unitary state with a republic type government with a presidential
system where the president is the head of state and head of
government. Because of this presidential system of government, the
head of state, the president, is elected directly by the people through
general elections and serves a maximum of 5 years and 2 terms. The
president's powers are limited by the 1945 Constitution as the
constitution. The currency in Indonesia is the Rupiah for buying and
selling transactions. The political system is an activity in a country or
society in the form of an allocation of basic values and shows a
pattern of functional relationships between political activities in
Indonesia itself. The political system is based on values, principles,
procedures and institutions that are parliamentary democracy, where
the government system is where power politics lies in the parliament
or legislative body elected by the people. One of the characteristics of
parliament is the division of power. In Indonesia itself, power is
divided into three, namely the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary.
For political parties, there is now an update on the data for Political
Parties Contending in the 2024 Election, from the previous number of
17 National Parties and 6 Local Aceh Parties, now there are more
becoming 18 National Parties and 6 Local Aceh Parties for a total of
24 parties
Social MilitaryPolitics
 Military
Based on the Global Firepower (GFP) index, Indonesia is in the top 15 strongest militaries in the world. Indonesia is
ranked 13th below Brazil.
According to detikInet, Indonesia received a score of 0.2221 out of a perfect score of 0.0000. This figure is obtained
from a number of factors including finance, geography, human resources, army strength, naval strength, air force
strength, natural resources, logistics, and a country's production. The highest figure was obtained from the number of
human resources. Then followed by the power of the air force, finance, army and navy. Indonesia has a total available
human workforce of 135,891,290 (49% of the population). A total of 112,872,969 (40.7%) are ready to serve the country.
Indonesia has a defense budget of USD 9.2 billion which is channeled to procure 332 tanks, 282 units of naval assets,
and strengthen the air force with 458 units of equipment. The Lowy Institute shared estimates of military defense
spending from countries that are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). From this data,
Singapore is the highest country with predicted spending reaching US$12 billion. Second is Indonesia with an estimate
of US$10 billion. As of August 29 2023, the total number of Indonesian military has 1,080,000 personnel consisting of
400,000 active troops (land force, navy and air force), 400,000 reserve troops, and 280,000 paramilitaries (carabiners,
military police, national guard and others)
Law System
Indonesia
The constitution of the Indonesian state is the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia so that its laws are based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia. Constitutional law in Indonesia adheres to 3 legal systems at once (mixed law): civil law Romano-Germanic legal system) is a legal system that
developed in Europe. The emphasis on this legal system is the use of written legal rules, the religious legal system and customary law. These three laws
complement each other. Because Indonesia's government is parliamentary, its powers are divided into three, namely:
• Executive: an institution that is given the power to implement laws. Currently, the position of the executive branch is held by the head of government, namely
the president and his deputies as well as ministers.
• Legislative: an institution tasked with making or formulating laws required by the state. Examples of legislative institutions are the MPR, DPR and DPD.
• Judiciary: adjudicating violations of the constitution and laws and regulations by government institutions
 Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam uses a constitutional sultanate system or Malay
Islamic Monarchy and the 1959 Constitution of Brunei Darussalam
with amendments until 2006 (written). Brunei adheres to a common
law system which comes from the French "commune-ley" which
refers to customs in England that are not written down and which
through judge's decisions are made legally binding. This common law
combines with the religious law system or sharia, Brunei is the first
country to adopt strict Islamic law for both Muslim and non-Muslim
residents. Therefore, in Brunei since the early 1990s, pubs and
nightclubs have also been prohibited from operating in the country.
Meanwhile, in 2011, cigarettes were declared haram by Brunei. In
2014, Brunei Darussalam also legalized homosexuality as a crime
punishable by 10 years in prison or stoning.
 Resource
• https://www.moe.gov.bn/DocumentDownloads/Education%20Statistics%20and%20Indicators%20Handbook/Brunei%20Darussalam%20Education%20Statistics
%20and%20Indicators%20Handbook%202018.pdf
• https://news.okezone.com/read/2017/11/24/18/1820178/daftar-negara-asean-dengan-peringkat-pendidikan-tertinggi
• https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6328536/angka-melek-huruf-di-asia-tenggara-versi-bank-dunia-indonesia-teratas
• https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/10/05/gaji-guru-di-indonesia-sangat-kecil-dibanding-negara-tetangga#:~:text=Berdasarkan%20data%20yang%2
0dihimpun%20Databoks,Rp2%2C4%20juta%20per%20bulan
.
• https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2016/08/07/enaknya-jadi-mahasiswa-di-brunei
• https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/52517/ksp-ungkap-pendapatan-perkapita-indonesia-tembus-usd4580/0/berita#:~:text=Menurut%20Moeldoko%2C%20
hal%20itu%20ditandai,kategori%20negara%20upper%20middle%20income
.
• https://kemenparekraf.go.id/berita/siaran-pers-menparekraf-paparkan-penyerapan-pagu-anggaran-tahun-2022-di-hadapan-komisi-x-dpr-ri
• https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20230419/12/1648388/jelang-lebaran-harga-cabai-rawit-merah-makin-pedas
• https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/research/20230203035632-128-410606/indonesia-darurat-dokter-parah-peringkat-terburuk-139-dunia
• https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20200622/9/1255978/bank-dunia-rasio-pajak-indonesia-paling-rendah-di-antara-negara-berkembang
• https://dataindonesia.id/bursa-keuangan/detail/deretan-8-sektor-penyumbang-pajak-terbesar-hingga-mei-2023
• https://ocindex.net/country/brunei
• https://ocindex.net/country/indonesia
• https://www.detik.com/sulsel/berita/d-6503707/100-ranking-militer-dunia-2023-indonesia-urutan-berapa
• https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/07/13/penduduk-indonesia-tembus-278-juta-jiwa-hingga-pertengahan-2023#:~:text=Menurut%20data%20Badan
%20Pusat%20Statistik,on%2Dyear%2Fyoy
).
• https://jurnalsoreang.pikiran-rakyat.com/internasional/pr-1012828098/5-hal-yang-menarik-dari-brunei-darussalam-merokok-sudah-seperti-kejahatan-besar?
page=4