Respiratory System

Paper 1
Applied Anatomy & Physiology
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
• Heart
• Blood • Lungs
• Blood Vessels • Airways

FUNCTION: to supply
blood and oxygen to
the working muscles

Cardio-Respiratory System
Specification Checklist
  Blood vessels
The pathway of air
 Label the pathway of air in the correct order  Identify the structure and characteristics of

the 3 blood vessels
Gaseous exchange
 Explain how the characteristics aid their
 Identify the 6 characteristics of alveoli that
assist with gaseous exchange function
  Structure of the heart
Explain the role of haemoglobin in gaseous
exchange  Label the key elements of the heart
 Mechanics of breathing  The cardiac cycle and the pathway of blood
 Explain the interaction of the intercostal  Identify the order of the cardiac cycle and
muscles, ribs and diaphragm in breathing
the pathway of blood
 Interpretation of a spirometer trace
 Cardiovascular terminology
 Identify the 4 lung volumes and explain the
 Define and explain the relationship
changes that may occur between rest and
exercise between cardiac output, stroke volume
and heart rate
Structure of the
Respiratory System
 Mouth
 Nose
 Right Bronchus
 Left Bronchus
 Trachea
 Diaphragm
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli
 Capillaries
The Mechanics of
Breathing-
INSPIRATION
The Mechanics of Breathing-

EXPIRATION
 Size of Pressure
Ribs Air
Diaphragm chest in chest
move Direction
cavity cavity
INSPIRATION

EXPIRATION
 Size of Pressure
Ribs Air
Diaphragm chest in chest
move Direction
cavity cavity
INSPIRATION Contracts & Up and Increases Decreases Into lungs
flattens out

EXPIRATION Down Decreases Increases Out of

Relaxes & and in lungs
returns to
dome shape
Summarising the Mechanics of Breathing

 Write
2 paragraphs that explain the
mechanics of breathing during inspiration
and expiration
The Mechanics of Breathing-
CHANGES DURING EXERCISE
 and falls in this time.
Breathing rate increases: the lungs expand and
contract more frequently so a larger amount of air is
inhaled and exhaled
 The PECTORALS and STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
contract to assist in raising the sternum during
INSPIRATION
 The ABDOMINALS pull the rib cage down more
quickly to force more air out of the lungs during
EXPIRATION
MEASURE BREATHING RATE AT REST:
Sit still in chair with arms crossed across
your chest.
You will be timed for 1 minute.
Count how many times your chest rises
EXERCISE:
Stand behind chair and tuck it in.
High Intensity Star Jumps for 30 seconds
MEASURE BREATHING RATE AFTER
EXERCISE:
Fold arms across chest.
Count how many times your chest rises
and falls in 1 minute.
The Muscles used during Inspiration &
Expiration
AT REST DURING EXERCISE

INSPIRATION

EXPIRATION
The Muscles used during Inspiration &
Expiration
AT REST DURING EXERCISE

INSPIRATION Diaphragm Diaphragm

Intercostals Intercostals
Pectorals
Sternocleidomastoid

EXPIRATION Diaphragm Diaphragm

Intercostals Intercostals
Abdominals
Gaseous Exchange

O2 combines with
CO2 is breathed out
HAEMAGLOBIN to form
of the body.
OXYHAEMAGLOBIN in the
capillaries of the lungs

OXYHAEMAGLOBIN is then CO2 is carried by the

transported around the HAEMAGLOBIN from the
body to the working working muscles to the
muscles alveoli in the lungs

AT THE SAME TIME....

Gaseous Exchange- Diffusion Pathways
 All gases move from an In the alveoli there is a LOW CONCENTRATION
area of high of CARBON DIOXIDE and a HIGH
concentration to an CONCENTRATION of OXYGEN
area of low
concentration. This is
called DIFFUSION. So CARBON

 The distance that the

GAS EXCHANGE AT
DIOXIDE moves
from HIGH to
LOW
So OYXGEN moves
from HIGH to
LOW (ALVEOLI to
molecules have to

THE LUNGS
(CAPILLARIES TO CAPILLARIES)
travel in this process is ALVEOLI)
called the DIFFUSION
PATHWAY.
In the blood of the capillaries surrounding the

alveoli there is a HIGH CONCENTRATION of
The alveoli & capillaries
CARBON DIOXIDE and a LOW CONCENTRATION
are touching so the
of OXYGEN
diffusion pathway is
short
Gaseous Exchange- Diffusion Pathways
 Gas Exchange also In the muscles there is a HIGH CONCENTRATION
occurs at the working of CARBON DIOXIDE and a LOW
muscles CONCENTRATION of OXYGEN

GAS EXCHANGE AT
 The opposite occurs
And CARBON
DIOXIDE moves from So OYXGEN moves
HIGH to LOW from HIGH to

THE MUSCLES
(MUSCLES to LOW
CAPILLARIES (CAPILLARIES to
MUSCLES)

In the blood of the capillaries surrounding the

muscles there is a LOW CONCENTRATION of
CARBON DIOXIDE and a HIGH CONCENTRATION
of OXYGEN
Features that Assist with Gaseous Exchange
 ALVEOLI CHARACTERISTICS
 Alveoli walls are moist and 1 cell thick
 Large numbers of alveoli in each lung provide a large surface area
for gas exchange (600 million- when stretched out they would
cover a tennis court!)

 LOTS OF CAPILLARIES
 The alveoli have a large blood supply as numerous capillaries
surround them

 SHORT DIFFUSION PATHWAY

LUNG VOLUMES

Are measured using a SPIROMETER.

There are lots of different types of spirometer's but

they all measure the same values:

The movements/readings tell you changes in the lung

volumes.

There are 5 lung volumes you need to know.....

1.
TIDAL VOLUME
The volume of air
breathed in or out in
one breathe.

Think TIDE as in the

sea/waves to help
you remember....

AT REST DURING EXERCISE

500ml Increases
2.
BREATHING RATE
The number of
breaths taken per
minute

AT REST DURING EXERCISE

16 breaths Increases
3.
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
The amount of extra air inspired (above
tidal volume) during a deep breath in.

AT REST DURING EXERCISE

3000ml Decreases
4.
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
The amount of extra air expired (above
tidal volume) during a forceful breath out.

AT REST DURING EXERCISE

1200ml Decreases
5.
RESIDUAL VOLUME
The amount of air left in
the lungs following a
maximal expiration.

There will always be

some air left in your
lungs otherwise they
would stick together!

AT REST DURING EXERCISE

1100ml Stays the same

 The average lung
A SPIROMETER TRACE capacity is 6 litres
A SPIROMETER TRACE
SUMMARY: LUNG VOLUMES
 COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW

LUNG DEFINITION AVERAGE CHANGE DURING

VOLUME RESTING VALUE EXERCISE
BREATHING
RATE
TIDAL
VOLUME
INSPIRATORY
RESERVE
VALUE
EXPIRATORY
RESERVE
VALUE
RESIDUAL
VOLUME
SUMMARY: LUNG VOLUMES
 COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW

LUNG DEFINITION AVERAGE CHANGE DURING

VOLUME RESTING VALUE EXERCISE
BREATHING The number of breaths taken per minute 16 breaths increases
RATE
TIDAL The volume of air breathed in or out in one 500ml increases
VOLUME breathe
INSPIRATORY The amount of extra air inspired (above tidal 3000ml decreases
RESERVE volume) during a deep breath in.
VALUE
EXPIRATORY The amount of extra air expired (above tidal 1200ml decreases
RESERVE volume) during a forceful breath out.
VALUE
RESIDUAL The amount of air left in the lungs following 1100ml Stays the same
VOLUME a maximal expiration.
END OF TOPIC QUESTIONS:
1. Name 4 factors that assist with gas exchange

2. Describe the mechanics of inhalation at rest

3. Name the muscles used to expire air during exercise

4. What is the name for the amount of air left in the lungs
after a full expiration?

5. What is tidal volume?

END OF TOPIC QUESTIONS:
1. Name 4 factors that assist with gas exchange
Large surface area. Thin cell walls. Short diffusion pathway.
Moist. Rich blood supply.

2. Describe the mechanics of inhalation at rest

Diaphragm and intercostals contract. Ribs move up and out.
Chest volume increases. Pressure in chest cavity decreases.
Oxygen moves from high pressure to low pressure in lungs.

3. Name the muscles used to expire air during exercise

Abdominals
END OF TOPIC QUESTIONS:
4. What is the name for the amount of air left in the lungs after a
full expiration?
Residual Volume

5. What is tidal volume?

Volume of air breathed in or out in one breath