Name & absent:

Class:

BIOLOGY WORKSHEET
TOPIC: MUSCLE AND BREATHING
1. Tick (✔) the correct box to show the organ system that each organ belongs to.

Organ Circulatory Digestive Exretory Gas exchange

system system system system
heart
Small intestine
Bladder
stomach
Diaphragm
Kidneys
lungs
Oesophagus (gullet)
Large intestine

2. The diagram shows a section through a blood vessel

a) Is a blood vessel an organ system, an organ or a tissue?
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b) Give a reason for your answer.
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3. Draw one line from each scientific term to its definition.

Scientific term Definition

Ventilation When waste substances leave the body
Gas exchange The cell process that release energy & produses carbon dioxide
When oxygen enters blood in the lungs & carbon dioxide leave
Respiration
the blood
Excretion
When air moves into and out of the lungs

4. Explain what happens during inhalation. To answer this, tick (✔) one box in each of parts
below.
In inhalation:
A. Air enters the lungs
B. Air leaves the lungs
C. Air circulated inside the lungs
D. Air leaves the blood
5. What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?
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6. How muscles in the gas exchange system allow ventilation?
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 During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At
the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. This
happens in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels
called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli

Air gets into and out of the body by the physical process of breathing, also
called ventilation. This process involves movements of the ribs, intercostal
muscles and diaphragm to move air into and out of the lungs.

Breathing, respiration and gas exchange

 Inhalation and exhalation is the same as breathing or ventilation and is a physical process which moves air into and out of your lungs.
 Respiration is not the same as breathing, and is a chemical process which occurs in all of your cells.
 Gas exchange is a process that involves the swapping of gases that occurs at exchange surfaces such as the alveoli found within
your lungs.

Gas exchange allows oxygen to travel into your cells for respiration
whilst also removing carbon dioxide, which is a waste substance made
by the process of respiration. Respiration is a vital process that
involves releasing energy from glucose. All living things do this to stay
alive.

Structure of the gas exchange system

The gas exchange system is made from key parts, each of which has a different function.

Part of the gas

Function
exchange system
This is also called the windpipe. This tube runs from the mouth, down the throat towards the
Trachea
lungs. It is lined with rings of cartilage which keep it open at all times.
Bronchus The trachea splits into a left and right bronchus (plural: bronchi), each leads to a lung.
Each bronchus splits again and again into thousands of smaller tubes called bronchioles
Bronchiole
which take the air deeper into the lungs.
At the ends of bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli. Here oxygen moves into the blood
Alveoli
and carbon dioxide moves out.
These muscles run between the ribs and form the chest wall. They contract and relax with
Intercostal muscles
the diaphragm when a person breathes.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped, flat sheet of muscle under the lungs. It contracts and
Diaphragm
relaxes with the intercostal muscles during breathing.
 How does oxygen travel into blood?
1. Air is breathed into the lungs through the windpipe called the trachea.

2. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi.

3. The bronchi divides into many tubes called bronchioles.

4. The bronchioles divide until they end up in tiny air sacs called alveoli. There are millions of alveoli found within the lungs.

5. These alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries, allowing for oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between the blood in the
capillaries and the air in the lungs. The oxygen molecules are carried in red blood cells.

6. The exchange of these two gasses occurs by a process called diffusion.

Alveoli
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas is exchanged during breathing.

Within the human lungs the alveoli provide an efficient exchange surface adapted for gas exchange. This involves the ‘swapping’ of gasses. For
example:

 Absorbing oxygen, which is needed for respiration, into the blood from the air.

 Transferring carbon dioxide, which is produced by respiration, from the blood into the lungs and then the air.

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

 Alveoli have a very large surface area to enable more diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the alveoli, and more carbon dioxide out of the blood
into the alveoli.
 They are only one cell thick so that the diffusion distance is small.

 They have lots of blood capillaries to ensure a good blood supply to maintain concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

 They have moist surfaces for gases to dissolve in to form a solution to pass through the cell membrane.

Some water vapour is lost from the surface of the alveoli into the lungs - we can see this condensing when we breathe out on cold days.

Ventilation
Air gets into and out of the body by the physical process of breathing, also called ventilation. This process involves movements of the ribs,
intercostal muscles and diaphragm to move air into and out of the lungs.

These are the changes involved during inhalation and exhalation.

Inhaling Exhaling
Diaphragm Contracts and moves downwards Relaxes and moves upwards
Contract, moving the ribs upwards and Relax, letting the ribs move downwards and
Intercostal muscles
outwards inwards
Volume of ribcage Increases Decreases
Pressure inside the
Decreases below atmospheric pressure Increases above atmospheric pressure
chest
Movement of air Moves into the lungs Moves out of the lungs
Find out more about the process of breathing.

Respiration
There are two types of respiration that can occur in your cells:

 Aerobic respiration

 Anaerobic respiration

Find out more about the two types of respiration.