MODULE 2: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SEM 2 SESI 2019/2020

GROUP: A

NAME: MOHAMAD AIMAN IQBAL BIN NORDIN

MATRIC NO: D20192091516

The upper respiratory passages The lower respiratory passages

1. Nasal cavity 1. Trachea
2. Pharynx 2. Primary bronchi
3. Larynx 3. Lungs
4. Bronchioles
Part 2 – The MechAnics of BREAthing

Notes: Deals with the mechanism of respiration and the air volumes involved in respiration

1. Why do we breathe?
i) To get oxygen to our cells so that they can use oxygen to make cellular energy (ATP).
ii) To get rid of carbon dioxide.
iii) To provide our body with necessary oxygen.

2. Define:

i) Inhalation: The process of taking air containing oxygen.

ii) Exhalation: The process of letting air out from lungs.

3. What happens in the following areas when we breath:

Inhalation Exhalation

Rib Cage Ribs move apart from each other in The ribs move closer together as the
order to expend the chest and
abdomen. They contract to pull your
rib cage both upward and outward
when you inhale.
Intercostal Muscles The internal intercostal muscles
relax and the external intercostal
muscles contract pulling the
ribcage upwards and outwards.
Pleura Expansion happens
lungs relax dan contract.
The external intercostal muscles
relax and the internal intercostal
muscles contract, pulling the
ribcage downwards and inwards.
Becomes relaxed

Diaphragm Move downward and will increase the Relaxes and returns to its domelike
space in your chest cavity and your shape and air is forced out of the
lungs expand into it. The muscles lungs.
between your ribs also help enlarge
the chest cavity.
Lung Volume Lung volume increases and the air Lung volume decreases and the air
pressure inside decreases pressure inside increases
Lung Pressure When we breathing in that means When we breathing out that means
lower pressure for lung. higher pressure for lung.

4. What is the composition of inhaled air? Exhaled air?

Assuming there is no air pollution, air contains approx. 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1%
other noble gases when inhaled. When exhaled, the air consists of about 15% O2, 6% CO2,
78%N2 and 1% minor gases. After three breaths of the same air, we will become hypoxic since
most of the O2 will have been consumed. The body consumes about 6 of 21% O2 with each
breath.

5. When exhaling the composition of oxygen is decrease while the composition of carbon
dioxide is increase. Therefore our bodies are keeping some of the oxygen and
replacing it with carbon dioxide. Also our bodies are giving off substantial amounts of
water vapor.

6. Explain how the lung/alveoli/capillaries make it easy for the diffusion of respiratory
gases.

Lung/alveoli/capillaries make diffusion of respiratory gases easily because oxygen come form
air through to lungs and diffusion to exchange the respiratory gases to the alveoli and the
gases go out to the bloodstream into the capillaries.

LUNGS ALVEOLI CAPILLARIES

From the alveoli, the
oxygen from the air
you breathe enters
your blood in nearby
blood vessels. This is
a process called
oxygen diffusion.
And next another form
of diffusion occurs
when blood containing
carbon dioxide travels
back to your lungs.
The carbon dioxide
moves from your
blood to your alveoli.
The gases move by
diffusion from where
they have a high
concentration to
where they have a
low concentration and
next oxygen diffuses
from the air in the
alveoli into the blood.
carbon dioxide
diffuses from the
blood into the air in
the alveoli.
It occurs in the lungs
between the alveoli
and a network of tiny
blood vessels
called capillaries,
which are located in
the walls of the
alveoli. The walls of
the alveoli and
actually share a
membrane with
the capillaries in
which oxygen and
carbon dioxide move
freely between the
respiratory system and
the bloodstream.
Part 3: GAs ExchAnge

Notes: Describes the composition of air, the exchange of gases between the air and the blood
and between the blood and the tissues, and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

a. Put the pictures in the correct order.

4 3 1 2

b. Write the number for the correct order in the box next to the sentences.

Order Sentences
7 Then it goes into your lungs
11 Your diaphragm relaxes and moves up
4 Warm damp air from your nose and mouth goes into your windpipe
2 The space inside your chest gets bigger and you breathe in
12 This is call gas exchange
8 Oxygen is taken from the air into the blood vessels surrounding your lungs
10 The space inside your chest gets smaller
6 The air goes into the bronchi
5 Your diaphragm contracts and moves down
3 The air is squeezed out of your lungs and you breathe out
1 Air moves through your nose and mouth
9 The blood loses waste carbon dioxide into the air in your lungs

c. Diagram below show the gaseous exchange in an alveolus.

i. Identify the gases labelled P and Q.

 -P is the oxygen
 -Q is the carbon dioxide

ii. Name the process involved in the gaseous exchange into the alveolus.

 Diffusion

iii. What cause gas P to diffuse into the blood stream?

1. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli so that oxygen is loaded into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is
unloaded from the bloodstream.
2. Oxygen diffuses into the cells of the tissues, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells of the tissues
and into the bloodstream

iv. What happened to gas P as it enters the blood capillary?

 if carbon dioxide enters the blood capillary it will brought to the lungs to be released into the
air during exhalation

Part 4: lung volume And CAPAcities

Notes: Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different
phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured. Lung capacities are
inferred from lung volumes.

1. Under normal conditions, your regular breathing does not use up the full capacity of
your lungs. As your body’s needs increase, such as when you exercise, the volume of
air drawn in can also increase. The different volumes of air drawn in or pushed out by
the lungs are:

a. Tidal Volume: the amount of air can be inhaled and exhaled during rest or doing
some activity.

b. Inspiratory reserve volume: is a amount of that can be forably inhaled beyond a tidal
inhalation.

c. Expiratory reserve volume: is a amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond a tidal
exhalation .

d. Vital Capacity: the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs
after the deepest possible breath.

e. Residual Volume: the volume or air still remaining in the lungs after the most
forcible expiration possible and amounting usually to 60 to 100 cubis inches.

2. Draw and label a Spirograph showing each of the aforementioned volumes of air.

Part 5: RespiRATory disorder

Notes: Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting
the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes
conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and
pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild
and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities.

RESPIRATORY DISEASE NOTES

Disease Definition Cause treatment

1 Asthma Is defined as a Respiratory Long-term control

common, chronic infections, medications such as
respiratory condition allergies and inhaled
that causes difficulty airway corticosteroids are
breathing due to irritants, mos important
inflammation of the such as medications used to
airways. smoke and keep asthma under
mold,can be control.
excess mucus
production
and smooth
muscle
spams.
2 Lung cancer Is a condition that Most 3 basic ways it is
causes cells to divide in common risk surgery, radiation
the lungs factor for therapy and
uncontrollably. This lung cancer chemotherapy
causes the growth of is cigarette
tumors that reduce a smoke,
person’s ability to randon
breath. exposure.
3 Chronic Bronchitis Inlammation and Most Steroids inhaled as an
swelling of the lining of common aerosol spray,
the airways, leading to cause is steroids can help
narrowing and smoking and relieve symptoms of
abstrustion generally include long this disease.
resulting in daily term
cough. The exposure to
inflammation air
stimulates production pollutions,
of mucus, which can dust and
cause further blockage fumes the
of the airways. environment.
4 Is an infection thath Most Can be treated at
inflames the air sacs common home with rest,
 may fill with fluid or cause antibiotics and by
pus(purulent material), bacteris and drinking plenty of
causing cough with viruses in the fluids.
phlegm or air we
pus,fever,chills and breathe.
difficulty breathing. A Sometimes
variety of organisms, the germs
including from air can
bacteris,viruses and overpower in
fungi can cause your immune
pneumonia. system when
you inhale
and exhale.
5 Is a collection of fluid Most Diuretics an other
between the lung and common heart failure
the chest wall in what’s cause are medications are used
called the pleural congestive to treat pleural
space. heart failure. effusion caused by
congestive heart
failure or other
medical causes. A
malignant effusion
radiation therapy or
a medication infusion
within the chest.