Theories of

Instructional
Materials
Objectives:

 To enumerate the theories of Instructional Materials.

 Discuss the theories of Instructional Materials.

 Appreciate the importance of using Instructional Materials

in our lives.
 Refer to the human and non-
human materials and facilities
that can be used to ease,
encourage, improved and
promote teaching and learning
activities.

 They are whatever materials

used in the process of
instruction.
Theories of Instructional Material
 Instructional Design Theory
• The systematic development of instructional
specifications using learning and instructional
theory to ensure the quality of education.
• It is the systematic and reflective process of
translating principles of learning and instruction
into plans for instructional materials, activities,
information resources, and evaluation.
 Five Examples of Instructional Design Models

1. Elaboration Theory - Charles Reigeluth, an educational theorist, is

the founding father of the Elaboration Theory. This theory stipulates
that content should be organized and presented in a specific order.
Ideally, learners must receive the most rudimentary ideas first,
building up to the most complex concepts.
 Five Examples of Instructional Design Models

2. Bloom’s Taxonomy Of Learning Objectives - is “a hierarchical

ordering of cognitive skills that can help teachers teach and students
learn.” Bloom’s Taxonomy has six levels: remembering, understanding,
applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating.

3. ADDIE Model - Arguably the most important instructional design

model, ADDIE — analysis, design, development, implementation and
evaluation — is used as a process guide when developing effective
training tools.
4. SAM Model - is short for Successive Approximation Model, and is a simplified
version of the ADDIE Model. Where the SAM Model differs is that feedback is
collected earlier so designers can build working models earlier in the process.
Where ADDIE processes are quite linear, SAM is a recursive process.

5. Inquiry-based Learning Model - emerged in the 1960s, during the “discovery

learning” movement and relies upon the idea that individuals are able to learn by
investigating scenarios and problems, and through social experiences. Rather than
having to memorize information from printed materials, instructors encouraged
their students to conduct investigations that would satisfy their curiosity, help them
broaden their knowledge base and develop their skills and mental frames.
 Behaviorist Theory

 The hallmark of this theory is that one

does not have to delve into the invisible
workings of the mind to understand
learning.

 Behaviorists believe human being are

shaped entirely by their external
environment.
An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain
students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior
throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments.
 Cognitive Theory
 Interest of their perception of forms, shapes
and procedure.
 Cognitive Learning Theory explains how we
process information when we learn. This type
of teaching and learning, where the learner is
mostly passive, sitting down and listening,
while the active participant – the teacher –
imparts their knowledge is linked to the
Behaviorist Learning Theory.
As one grows up, you become an active participant in different processes through which you
gain new knowledge and skills. Training of cognitive learning to employees in organizations
enhances and strengthens their expertise in handling more complex tasks.
 Cybernetic
Theory
 These theory rely on error detection and error
correction and provided a model for a different
view of learning.
 The cybernetic principles of learning are
drawn from the implications of applying to
learning the insights into the behavior of living
systems provided by the study of cybernetics.
Cybernetics is underpinned by the notion of
circularity and feedback between a system and
its environment.
Language Conversation
Agreement  Cybernetics is the discipline
that studies communication
Action
and control in living beings
and in the machines built by
Sharing beliefs humans.

 It is also a theory of
Goal Setting Responsibity Consensus
communication and control of
regulatory feedback.
 Humanist Theory
 More concerned with education’s role in
the development of the person as a
person.
 This system stresses that human beings
are inherently good, and that basic needs
are vital to human behaviors.
Humanistic psychology also focuses on
finding rational ways to solve these
human problems.
 This theory and approach in education takes
root in humanistic psychology, with the key
concepts focusing on the idea that children are
good at the core and that education should
focus on rational ways to teach the “whole”
child.
 This theory states that the student is the
authority on how they learn, and that all of For example, a student who is hungry won’t have as
their needs should be met in order for them to much attention to give to learning. So schools offer
meals to students so that need is met, and they can
learn well. focus on education.
 Social/Situated Learning Theory
 Emphasizes the importance of
observing and modeling the behaviors,
attitudes, emotional reactions of others.
 Situated learning theory states that
every idea and human action is a
generalization, adapted to the ongoing
environment; it is founded on the belief
that what people learn, see, and do is
situated in their role as a member of a
community.
Learners achieved a gradual
acquisition of knowledge and skills
and moved from being novices to
experts. Such learning is contrasted
with classroom learning that often
involves abstract and out-of-context
knowledge.
Why is IM’s important?
 Instructional materials are essential since they help
the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on
recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a
lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have
practical experiences which help them to develop
skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways.
Prepared by:
Maria Janina A. Maniquiz
Maria Teresa A. Manlapaz
Jake T. Manuel