COMPUTER

EVOLUTION
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 1
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Abacus
The first calculating device called Abacus and was
discovered by Egyptian and Chinese people.

Analytical Engine
It was an engine discovered by English Mathematician
Professor Charles Babbage’s . He is also known as
Father of computer. The basic frame work of the
computers of today based on it.

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 2

 Pascal’s
Pascal discovered machine that they can add and
subtract large numbers

Mark I
The first computer called Mark I and was discovered
in 1944 by Harvard’s Professor Howard Aiken. It
was the first computer financed by IBM

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 3

 Napier’s bones (1617s)
This is the calculating device discovered by John Napier
for calculating products and quotients of numbers

Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC).

Is the First Electronic Digital Computer built by
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1937

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 4

 Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
Is the First general purpose digital computer build
by J. Prosper Eckert and John Mauchly. It build the
time of World War II, to calculate the feasibility of
Hydrogen bomb in 1946

Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1)

Is the First computer for commercial use which
introduced to the public in 1951

Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC)

Is a computer build using binary code in 1950 by John
Von Neumann’s.
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 5
 Leibniz
The first Mechanical calculator capable of Dividing
and Multiplying created by Leibniz

Mechanical electrical calculator

In 1960s electrical calculator that uses vacuum tubes to
perform arithmetic operation was discovered.

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 6

 Tabulating Machine
Is the machine that read and sort data from punched
cards. It created by Hollerith. His company later sold
and become International Business Machine
cooperation (IBM)

Slide rule (1970s)

This is the first analogy computer

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 7

 In 1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (Ms-Dos)
was born

In 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for

home and office use

3 years later Apple gave us the Macintosh Computer

with its Icon driven Interface and in 90s gave us
Windows OS

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 8

 COMPUTER GENERATION
A generation refers to the state of improvement in
the development of a product

1ST GENERATION (1946 - 1958)

i. It uses vacuum tubes
ii. Was very large taking up entire room
iii. Was very expensive to operate
iv. High electricity consumption
v. Large Ac needed

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 9

 2nd GENERATION (1959 - 1964)
i. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
ii. Computer size reduced due to use of transistors
iii. Computer were cheaper compared to 1st generation
iv. Magnetic tapes and disk were used
v. First operating system was developed

3rd GENERATION (1964 - 1970)

vi. Integrated circuit replaced transistors
vii. Capacity of computer increased
viii. Size of computer continued to be small
ix. Power consumption was low
x. High level language was used
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 10
 4th GENERATION (1971-present)
i. Development of micro processor
ii. Development of the internet
iii. Development of GUI’s
iv. RAID technology of data storage
v. Used as multimedia stimulator

5th GENERATION (Present to Beyond)

vi. Based on artificial intelligence, they still in development
vii. Used super conductors
viii. Used in intelligent robot
ix. Used in speech recognition
x. Used in parallel processing
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 11
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Computers are classified under various types depending
on Processing and Size of Computer

BASED ON THE OPERATIONAL /PROCESSING

a) Analogue computer
b) Digital computer
c) Hybrid computer

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 12

 ANALOGY COMPUTER
Are computers that process data that is continuous in nature.
Used to monitoring temperature, pressures, wind, cloud, etc

DIGITAL COMPUTER
Are computers that process data that is discrete in nature.

HYBRID COMPUTER
Are computer designed to process both analog and digital data.

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 13

 2. BASED ON THE SIZE OF COMPUTER
i. Micro computer
ii. Minicomputer
iii. Main frame computer
iv. Super computer

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 14

 a) MICROCOMPUTER
A computer with a microprocessor and its central
processing unit is known as microcomputer. It
divided into i.e. Desktop, Laptop, PDA’s

b) MINICOMPUTERS
They are between mainframe and microcomputer in
their processing speed and data storage. Used for
special purpose i.e. Research

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 15

 c) MAINFRAMES
Are large computers occupying specially wired air
conditioned rooms. Used in banks, government agencies,
airline, etc

d) SUPER COMPUTER
Are the most powered high capacity computer used by very
large organization

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 16

 STORAGE UNIT

BIT
Is a smallest unit of computer data

BYTE
Is a collection of 8 bits

1 bit = 2 characters (0 or 1)
1 byte = 8 bits

1kb = 1000 bytes

1Mb = 1000Kb

1 GB = 1000 MB
1 Terabyte (Tb) = 1000 GB
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 17
 Example 1
1) 40 GB hard disk contains 8 files @ with 3Kb. Calculate
a) Free space
b) Space occupied by 8 files in a hard disk

Soln:

a) Given 40 GB hard disk (HDD)

Step 1 = 8 files @ 3Kb

Space occupied
1 file = 3 kb
8 files = x

X = 8 x 3kb = 24kb

Total space occupied or needed by 8 files = 24 kb

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 18
 If 1GB = 1000MB
40GB = X

X = 40 X 1000 MB
= 40,000MB

But
1MB = 1000KB
40,000Mb = X

X = 40,000,000kb

40GB = 40,000,000KB

Then

Free space = hard disk – total files

= 40, 000,000 – 24
= 39,999,976Kb

Hence free space = 39,999,976Kb

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 19
 b) Space occupied by 8files in a hard disk is 24KB

2. Calculate number of bits, bytes and kb required to present the

following words
a) Said_Katinga
b) Isha Ghandhi

Soln:

1 bit = 2 characters
X = 12 characters

2x = 12 bits
2 2 (Said-katinga8characters )

X = 6 bits
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 20
 1 Byte = 8 bits
X = 6 bits

8x =6 byte
8 8

X = 6/8 bytes
X = 0.75 bytes

1kb = 1000 bytes

X = 0.75 bytes

1000 x = 0.75 kb
1000 1000

= 0.00075kb
Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 21
 b) Isha ghandhi (12 Characters)

1 bit = 2 characters
X = 12 characters

2x = 12 bit
2 2

X = 6 bit

ANSWERS
ii) 0.75 bytes
iii) 0.00075kb

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 22

 HARD DISK STRUCTURE
It consists of several metallic platters that are
permanently sealed into a disk drive container

Binary data on a hard disk is recorded magnetically on a

concentric circles called Tracks

Each track is divided into smaller, more manageable

units called sectors

A sector is the smallest addressable circuit on a disk and

is exactly 512 bytes in size

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 23

 PARTITIONS
A hard disk may be split into several smaller logical
called partitions.

Seek time
Is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to
travel to track of the disk that contain data.

Dec 5, 2023 MR. MDUMA 24