Prepared by: BORJA HYACINTH ;)

AEROBIC
METABOLISM
AEROBIC METABOLISM
Metabolism is defined as the sum of chemical
reactions taking place in a live organism to maintain
life. Aerobic means oxygen dependent and aerobic
metabolism refers to an energy-generating system
under the presence of oxygen as opposed to
anaerobic oxygen independent metabolism.
Aerobic metabolism is the most efficient
mechanism used by the body to convert food
energy into energy easily used by the body for fuel.
• Obligate Anaerobes
• Aerotolerant Anaerobes
• Facultative Anaerobes
• Obligate Aerobes
 OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
• organisms that grow only in the absence of oxygen,
avoid the gas by living in highly reduced
environments such as soil.

micrococcus luteus
AEROTOLERANT
ANAEROBIS
• depend on fermentation for their energy needs,
possess detoxifying enzymes and oxidant molecules
that protect against oxygen's toxic products.
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

• not only possess the mechanisms needed for

detoxifying oxygen metabolites, they can also utilize
oxygen to generate energy when the gas is present.
OBLIGATE AEROBES

• are highly dependent on oxygen for energy

production. They protect themselves from its toxic
effects with an impressive array of enzymes and
antioxidants molecules.
 CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• The citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical
reactions that are responsible for the eventual
complete oxidation of organic substrates to form
CO2 and H2O.

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + P1 + H2

2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2 + CoASH + GTP
CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE
TO ACETYL-CoA
 After its transport into the mitochondrial matrix,
pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in a series of
reactions catalyze by the enzymes in the pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoASH acetylCoA +

NADH + CO2 + H2O
 The pyruvate dehydronase complex is a large
multienzymes structure that contains three enzyme
activities: pyruvate decarboxylase (E1),
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Each enzyme
activity is present in multiple copies.
 In the first step, pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes
the decarboxylation of pyruvate. A nucleophile is
created when a basic residue of the enzyme
extracts a proton from the thiazole ring of thiamine
pyrophosphate (TTP). The intermediate,
hydroxyethyl-TTP (HETPP), forms after the
nucleophilic thiazole ring attacks the carbonyl
group of pyruvate.
 In the next several steps, the hydroxyethyl group
of HETPP is converted to acetyl-CoA by
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase. Lipoic acid plays a
crucial role in this transformation. Reduced lipoic
acid is bound to the enzyme through an amide
linkage with the e-amino group of a lysine residue.
It interacts with HETPP to form an acetylated lipoic
acid and free TPP. The acetyl group is then
transferred to the sulfhydryl group of coenzyme A.
Subsequently, the reduced lipoic acid is reoxidized
by dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. The FADH2 is
reoxidinized by NAD+ to form the FAD required for
the oxidation of the next reduced lipoic acid
residue.

KEY CONCEPTS:
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA by the
enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex,TPP,FAD,NDA+,and lipoic acid are required
cofactors.
THANK YOU !!!