EE 156- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING

Department Electrical & Electronic Engineering

College of Engineering

2022/2023 Academic Year

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Chapter 1: Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters, Switches and
sensors

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 Chapter Objectives

• Understand the functions of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters, Switches

and Sensors.

• Identify the types of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters, Switches and

Sensors.

• Briefly explain the construction of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters,

Switches and Sensors.

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 Chapter Objectives

• Identify how of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters, Switches and

Sensors are represented on a schematic diagrams.

• Identify the basic operation of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters,

Switches and Sensors.

• Explain the differences between of Relays, Contactors, Motor Starters,

Switches and Sensors.

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Relays and Contactors

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 Relays and Contactors

• Electrical systems and industrial systems depend on relays and

contactors to enable
o control and switching of electrical circuits,
o control and switching of electrical equipment.

• Relays and contactors are electromechanical switches which operate on

solenoid principle.

• Relays are electrically powered switches that regulate the movement of

mechanical contacts using an electromagnet.

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 Relays and Contactors
• Contactors are robust relays created especially for high-power
applications.

• Compared to relays, contactors have larger contacts and coils to

handle large electrical loads while maintaining durability and
long-term reliability.

Relay Contactor

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 Relays and Contactors

• There are two basic methods of constructing a relay or

contactor which include:

o The clapper type uses one movable contact to make a

connection with a stationary contact.

o The bridge type uses a movable contact to make the

connection between two stationary contacts.

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 Relay and Its Construction

• Relays are electromechanical switches that contain auxiliary

contacts.

• Auxiliary contacts are small and are intended to be used for

control applications.

• A relay will usually have only one coil but may have any
number of different contacts.

• Current ratings for most relays can vary from 1 to 10 amperes,

depending on the manufacturer and type of relay.

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 Principle of Operation of a Relay
• When the coil is energized, the armature is
attracted to the iron core inside the coil.

• This causes the movable contact to break

away from one stationary contact and make
connection with another.

• The common (c) terminal is connected to the

armature, which is the movable part of the
relay.

• The movable contact is attached to the

armature.

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 Principle of Operation of a Relay
• The two stationary contacts form the
normally closed and normally open contacts.

• A spring returns the armature to the normally

closed position when power is removed from
the coil.

• The shading coil is necessary to prevent the

contacts from chattering.

• All solenoids that operate on alternating

current must have a shading coil.

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Clapper Type and Bridge Type Relay

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 Types of Relays

• Electromechanical Relays
• Solid-State Relays (SSRs)
• Protective Relays
• Timing Relays
• Thermal Relays

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 Construction of a Relays

• Construction is largely dependent on whether it will operate on direct

current (DC) or alternating current (AC).

• Relays and contactors that are operated by direct current generally

contain solid core materials, while those intended for use with
alternating current contain laminated cores.

• The main reason for the laminated core is the core losses associated
with alternating current caused by the continuous changing of the
electromagnetic field.

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 Control Relays

• A control relay switch, is a type of electromechanical relay specifically

designed for control and signalling purposes in electrical circuits.

• Control relays typically have multiple sets of contacts, allowing them to

switch multiple circuits simultaneously.

• The contacts can be configured as

o normally open (NO),
o normally closed (NC), or both, depending on the specific
requirements of the application

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 Control Relays

• The contacts of the control relay are energized by their coils

• Control relays have the benefit of handling both AC and DC voltages,
making them adaptable for a variety of applications

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 Solid-State Relays

• A solid state relay refers to a non-contact control device that uses a

semiconductor to complete the ON/OFF action.

• Solid-state relays that are intended to connect alternating current

loads to the line use a device called a triac.

• The triac is a bidirectional device, which means that it will permit

current to flow through it in either direction.

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 Solid-State Relays

• When energized, the relay contact closes, supplying power to the gate of
the triac that connects the load to the line

• There are three main types of solid-state relay isolation methods used in
SSRs, i.e., optical, transformer, and reed.

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 Timing Relays

• Timer Relay is a combination of an electromechanical output relay and

a control circuit.

• The contacts will open or close before or after a pre-selected and timed
interval.

• Timing relays offer various timing functions, such as delay-on-make

(delayed closure), delay-on-break (delayed opening), interval timing,
and cycle timing.

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 Timing Relays

• Time delay relays can be divided into two general classifications: the
on-delay relay and the off-delay relay

• The on-delay relay is often referred to as DOE, which stands for “Delay
On Energize.”

• The off-delay relay is often referred to as DODE, which stands for

“Delay On De-Energize.”

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Off-Delay and On-Delay Timers

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 Types of Timing Relays

• Timer relays can be grouped as;

o Pneumatic Timer
o Clock Timer
o Motor-Driven timer
o Electronic timers
o Capacitor limit timer relay

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 Pneumatic Timers

• Pneumatic Timers are common industrial parts that are used in

areas where electrical current is regarded as potentially
harmful and destructive

• Instead of an electrical current, these devices use a piston and

control valve that is powered by a steady stream of air

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 Pneumatic Timers

• They use pneumatic or compressed air

signals to start and stop a variety of timing
operations

• Pneumatic, or air timers, operate by

restricting the flow of air through an
orifice to rubber bellows or diaphragms

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Pneumatic Timers

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 Types of Timing Relays

• Pneumatic timers are popular throughout the industry because

they have the following characteristics:
o Unaffected by variations in ambient temperature or
atmospheric pressure.
o Adjustable over a wide range of time periods.
o Good repeat accuracy.
o Available with a variety of contact and timing
arrangements.

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 Clock Timers

• Designed to count down from a specified duration and alert the

user when the time is up.

• Clock timers are devices or features commonly used to measure

and display the passage of time.

• The time measurement for clock timers is provided by a small

AC synchronous motor that is identical to the motor found in a
wall clock.

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 Clock Timers
• The gear ratio connected to the motor would determine the full
range of time for the timer.

• Some advantages of clock timers are:

o They have extremely high repeat accuracy.
o Readjustment of the time setting is simple and can be done
quickly.

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 Motor-Driven Timers

• A timing relay that uses a motor to power its timekeeping

mechanism is known as a motor-driven timer.

• These timers are used in a variety of devices, including mechanical

watches, wall clocks, and other time-tracking devices.

• It normally consists of a mechanical mechanism with gears,

springs, and a motor that moves the timer's hands or dials.

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 Motor-Driven Timers
• This kind of timer typically comprises a cam-dial assembly being
driven by a tiny, synchronous motor on a shared shaft.

• A motor-driven timer is typically employed when a process has

definite on-and-off operations or a series of subsequent
operations.

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 Capacitor Limit Timer Relay

• A capacitor limit time relay is a type of electrical switch that

regulates the charging and discharging of capacitors to
control the operation of other electrical devices.

• The relay is made up of a switching mechanism, a charging

circuit, a timing circuit, and a capacitor.

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 Capacitor Limit Timer Relay

• Capacitor limit time relays are commonly used in various industrial

applications, such as motor control, lighting control, and power
distribution systems.

• This timer is highly accurate and is used in motor acceleration control

and in many industrial processes

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 Electronic Timer

• Electronic timers are devices or components that make use of

electronic circuitry to monitor and regulate the passage of time.

• They use electrical devices to precisely measure and show time

intervals, including microcontrollers, integrated circuits, and
digital displays.

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 Electronic Timer
• Electronic timers have functions including programmability,
customizable settings, and a variety of features to meet different
timing requirements.

• Extensively utilized in a variety of settings, including those requiring

exact timing, such as cooking, exercise, industrial process management,
lighting control systems, and many more.

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 Overload Relay

• Overload relays are protection devices used in electrical system;

o Identity excessive current flow
o Respond and interrupt excessive current flow through motor
or equipment.

• Added to magnetic switch of a motor to create a starter.

• Therefore, the overload relay safeguards the motor from damage by
preventing it from operating beyond its limits.

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 Overload Relay
• Overload relays are widely used in various applications such as ;
o electric motors,
o Industrial machinery,
o HVAC systems,
o pumps, and
o Conveyors

• There are two major types of overload relays;

o Thermal overload relay and
o Magnetic Overload Relay

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 Overload Relay

• Symbols used to represent overload relay on a schematic diagram are

shown below;

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 Thermal Overload Relay

• A thermal overload relay is a type of overload relay that uses

heat as a key parameter to detect and protect electrical
equipment from overloads

• Thermal overloads operate by connecting a heater in series

with the motor.

• The amount of heat produced is dependent on the motor

current.

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 Thermal Overload Relay

• They will trip faster when located in a warm area than they will in a
cool area.

• It is commonly used in applications involving motors, transformers,

and other heavy-duty electrical devices.

• Thermal overloads can be divided into two types: solder melting type
or solder pot, and bimetal strip type.

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Thermal Overload Relay

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 Magnetic Overload Relay

• A magnetic overload relay is used to protect electrical equipment,

particularly motors, from overloads. Operates on the magnetic field
generated by the current passing through the equipment.

• The relay has adjustable trip points that can be set based on the
desired protection level or equipment rating.

• Generally used in areas that exhibit extreme changes in ambient

temperature.

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 Magnetic Overload Relay

• Magnetic overload relays are widely used in motor control centers

and switchboards due to their reliable and straightforward operation.

• Magnetic overload relays can be divided into two major types:

o electronic magnetic overload and
o dashpot magnetic overload

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 Phase Failure Relays

• A phase failure relay is an electrical protection

device used to detect the absence or imbalance of
phases in a three-phase electrical system.

• It helps prevent damage to motors, equipment, and

circuits caused by phase loss or phase asymmetry.

• It recognizes phase loss and sets off alarms or

preventative measures.

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 Phase Failure Relays

• When the variation surpasses predetermined

thresholds, they compare amplitudes or phases
and turn on.

• Circuit breakers may need to be opened or

contactors may need to trip as preventative
measures.

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Phase Failure Relays

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 Contactors

• They are electromagnetically operated switches that provide a

safe and convenient means for connecting and interrupting
branch circuits.

• Does not contain overload relays.

• Used with pilot control devices to switch lighting and heating

loads and to control AC motors in cases where overload
protection is provided separately.

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Contactors-Symbols Used for Schematic

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End, Thank you

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