VIETNAM GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF LABOUR

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FALCULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AUTOMATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 2
INDICATORS AND DISPLAY

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 OBJECTIVE(S)

 Know how to use measuring instruments to

measure the electrical quantities in practice
and in industry.
 Understand the structure of the measuring
equipment and calculate the components of
circuits in measuring instruments.
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 LEARNING OUTCOME(S)

 Define qualities of measurement.

 Describe the structure of indicator devices
and summarize the advantages and
disadvantages of indicator devices.

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 PMMC
 Electrodynamometer
 Moving iron

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 INTRODUCTION

 Analogue ammeters and voltmeters have

the same operating principles.
 The action of all ammeters and voltmeters
depends upon a deflecting torque produced
by an electric current.

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 INTRODUCTION

 The essential requirements of measuring

instrument are:
 The circuit where measurement to be made
 Power consumed is small

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 INTRODUCTION

 Types of instruments:
 PMMC
 Electrodynamometer
 Moving iron
 Thermocouple

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 INTRODUCTION

 PMMC can be used for DC measurements

only.
 The other types can be used for both.
 Moving iron type is the most commonly
used form of indicating instrument, and
cheapest.

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 INTRODUCTION

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 PMMC

 DC meter is based on D’Asonval principle

 A permanent magnet
 The coil
 A pointer
 Spring

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 PMMC

 A coil suspended in the magnetic field of a

permanent magnet.
 The coil rotate freely in the magnetic field.
 When current flows in the coil, the
developed torque causes the coil to rotate.

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 PMMC

 The developed torque:

  d : torque
d  B  A I  N  B: flux density Wb/m2
 A: effective coil area m2.
 N: number of turns
 I: current in the coil

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 PMMC

 The electromagnetic torque is counter

balanced by a mechanical torque of control
springs.
 d   c  K

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 PMMC

 Example 2.1 a
 Example 2.1 b

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 PMMC

 Practical PMMC

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 PMMC

 Practical PMMC
 Practical coil areas: 0.5 – 2.5 cm2
 Flux density for modern instruments: 1500 –
5000 Wb/cm2
 The power requirements: 25 – 200 uW
 The accuracy: 2-5%

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 PMMC

 Disadvantages:
 Errors due to ageing of control springs and
permanent magnet.
 Friction
 Advantages
 Wide range of currents and voltages
 No hysteresis
 Not affected by magnetic fields

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 ELECTRODYNAMOMETER

 PMMC responds to the average or DC

current.
 To measure AC, EDM, a modified PMMC, is
used.

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 ELECTRODYNAMOMETER

Basic EDM as
an ammeter

Basic EDM as
a voltmeter

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 ELECTRODYNAMOMETER

 An EMD includes.
 A movable coil
 A fixed coil, split into two equal halves, provides
the magnetic field
 Poiter
 Springs

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 ELECTRODYNAMOMETER

 The operation of the instrument:

 The developed torque:
d  B  A I  N
 The flux density depends on the current through
the fixed coil, and proportional to the deflection
current.
 d  K d  I ( DC )
2

 d  K d  i ( AC )
2

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 ELECTRODYNAMOMETER

 Disadvantages:
 High power consumption
 Weaker magnetic field
 Low sensitivity
 Advantages:
 Used for both AC and DC

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 MOVING IRON TYPES
 Moving iron type can be classified into attraction
and repulsion type.
 Moving iron type consists of:
 A stationary coil of many turns which carries the

current to be measured.
 Two iron vanes

 Pointer

 Control spring

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 MOVING IRON TYPES

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 MOVING IRON TYPES
 Operation:
 The movement coil carries the current to be

measured.
 Two irion vanes are placed inside the coil

 One vane is rigidly attached to the coil frame,

the other rotates freely

 The current througth the coil magnetises both

the vanes with the same polarity.

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 MOVING IRON TYPES
 Operation:
 The two magnetised vanes experience a
repelling force and only one vane can move.
 Its displacement is an indicator of the
magnitude of the coil current.

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 MOVING IRON TYPES
 Advantages:
 May be used on DC and AC (commonly used

for the latter)

 Rugged and reliable

 Disadvantages:
 Low sensitivity

 Low accuracy

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 DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTEM
AND INDICATIORS
 Display devices provide a visual display of
numbers, letters and symbols in response to
electrical input.
 Classification of displays:
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

 ...

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 DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTEM
AND INDICATIORS

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 SUMMARY

 Indicators’ structure.
 Operation principle of the indicators.
 Pros and cons of these indicators.

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 REQUIREMENTS
 Read the slide chapter 3 of this subject
 Read the contents of the next lesson in
the text book [1]: 64-71; 79-91 in
advance.
 Read the contents of the next lesson in
the reference book [2]: 35-38; 42-44 in
advance.

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 REVIEW AND QUESTIONS

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