STAGE 4:OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATION
 -a mitochondrial membrane has 3 different parts:

a) Outer mitochondrial membrane OMM

b) Intermembrane space IMS
c) Inner mitochondrial membrane IMM
 This also houses the matrix
 Contains enzymes I II III & IV that houses the electron transport chain
 Matrix- location of kreb’s cycle

- used in the last stage of aerobic cellular respiration-oxidative phosphorylation

 Stage where much oxygen is used
 Two phases:

i. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

 ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN(ETC)
 Electrons flow through ETC, Pumping hydrogen ions from the IMM to the IMS.
STEPS OF ELECTRON CHAIN TRANSPORT

1. The NADH and FADH2 from the previous stages of cellular respiration bring electrons across the transport chain. NADH
id rich in electrons, which it transfers directly to the enzyme complex I. FADH2, on the other hand, does not have much
electrons through enzyme complex II. This redox reaction releases energy which pumps hydrogen ions from the matrix into
IMS. Losing the electrons reverts NADH and FADH2 back into NAD and FAD, respectively, which are recycled for
another cycle of cellular respiration.

2.Enzyme complexes I and II then transport the electrons through ubiquinone(Q), a mobile electron carrier. Q is reduced to
QH2 in the process and delivers the electrons to enezyme complex III. As this happens, more H+ ions are pumped into the
IMS. Ultimately, the electrons are passed to another electron carrier called cytochrome C (cyt C), which carries the
electrons to enzyme complex IV. Here, the last batch of H+ ions are pumped into the IMS.

3. At the end of the transport chain, enzyme complex IV transfers the electrons to oxygen molecules. Upon receiving four
electrons, each of these oxygen molecules are split up into two and takes up H+ to form water.
CHEMIOSMOSIS
 As the electrons move in a high to low pattern through the transport chain, they release energy
enough for enzyme complexes I, III, and IV to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the IMS,
creating proton-motive force, an electrochemical gradient that serves as a stored energy across
the mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used in the production of ATP in a process
called chemiosmosis.
 The phospholipid bilayer of the IMM is impermeable to H+ ions; thus, they cannot return to
the bilayer after being pumped by the enzyme complexes. However, with the help of a channel
protein called ATP synthase, these H+ ions are transferred back to the matrix. The H+ ions
with its proton-motive force powers the ATP synthase to turn. As it turns, a phosphate group is
added to an ADP, forming a proton gradient-energy as ATP,
 If the proton gradient is not synthesized in chemiosmosis, it will be releases as heat.
 Aerobic cellular respiration yields 30-32 ATPs per glucose.
STAGE DIRECT PRODUCTS/NET ATP YIELD
glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ATPs
2 NADH 3-5 ATPs
Pyruvate oxidation 2 NADH 5 ATPs
Citric acid cycle 2 ATP/GTP 2 ATPs
Oxidative phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 ATPs
2 FADH2 3 ATPs
Total 30-32 ATPs

The ATP yield of glycolysis(NADH) depends on the molecular”shuttle system” that

delivers the electrons across the cytosol. Some cells’ shuttle system deliver via
FADH2; others via NADH. For cells with shuttle systems delivering via FADH2 only
three ATPs are produced; via NADH, five ATPs are created.
APPLICATION OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION TO DAILY LIFE
 The unit for energy is a kilocalories, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature to 1
kg of water by 1 degree. Acc to UK’s National Health Service approximately 2500 kcal (fpr
girls)to 3000 kcal(for boys) per day is needed to fuel an average 17 to 18 year old teenager.
 For a mole of glucose,a total of 686 kcal of heat can be released. Forty percent of that energy
is captured by cellular respiration in ATP. Therefore, nine to 11 moles of glucose is needed to
produce a number of ATP that will suffice for the required amount of kcal of an average
teenager.