HEAD & Neck

Dr.Maria Haseen
(DPT,MS-CPPT*)
AXIAL SKELETON:
• The part of skeleton which form axis or central bony part of the body
is called axial skeleton.
• It consist of:
• Head/Skull (22 bones)
• Ossicles of ear (6)
• Hyoid Bone (1)
• vertebral column (26 bones)
• Ribs (24 bones)
• Sternum (01 bone)
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 SUTURES

 Coronal suture
 Saggital suture
 Lambdoid suture
 Squamous suture

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1) Head/Skull:
• The skull is the upper part of the axial skeleton which is
present on the vertebral column. It is divided into two
parts;
• 1) Cranium (08 bones)
• 2) Face(14 bones)

1) Cranium:
the cavity which enclosed the brain and is formed by a
number of flat and irregular bones is called cranium.

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Cont.
• The floor of the cranium is called base roof is called vault.
• Cranium consist of the following 8 bones
• 1 frontal bone
• 2 parietal bone
• 1 occipital bone
• 2 temporal bone
• 1 sphenoid bone
• 1 ethmoid bone

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FRONTAL BONE:
• Frontal (1): Anterior and
superior part of cranium,
forehead and brow areas,
which protects front part of
the brain

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CONT.
• Parietal (2): Superior sides
and roof cranium,
between frontal and
occipital bones, that
protects the top and sides
of the brain.

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CONT.

• Temporal (2): sides and

base of cranium at
temples that protect the
ear ossicles.

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CONT.
• Occipital (1): Posterior part of
the cranium including the
base that protects the
posterior part of the brain

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CONT.
• Sphenoid (1): Base of cranium, anterior to
occipital and temporal bones which houses
the pituitary gland.

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CONT.
• Ethmoid (1): Base of cranium,
anterior to the body of
sphenoid and forms the roof
of nasal cavity and septum.

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 PTERION

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BONES OF THE FACE:
Face is formed by 14 flat and irregular bones in addition to the
hyoid bone which is present in the neck:
• 2 Maxilla , 2 zygomatic bones
• 2 nasal bones , 2 lacrimal bones
• 1 vomer , 2 palatine bones
• 2 inferior conchae , 1 mandible

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 MAXILLAE

 Intermaxillary suture
 Infraorbital foramen
 Alveolar process
 Maxillary sinus

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ZYGOMATIC BONE

 Frontal process
 Temporal process
 Maxillary process
 Zygomatic arch

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ZYGOMATIC BONE
Commonly referred to as
the cheekbone or malar bone .

It is situated at the upper

and lateral part of the
face: it forms the
prominence of the cheek
and part of the lateral wall
and floor of the orbit.

It articulates with the

zygomatic arch of the
temporal bone.
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ZYGOMATIC BONE
• Malar surface
• convex and perforated near its center by a
small aperture, the zygomaticofacial
foramen, for the passage of the
zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels

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ZYGOMATIC BONES:
• The zygomatic bone is a quadrangular-shaped bone that forms the
palpable bony prominence of the cheek:
1. A maxillary process extends anteromedially to articulate with the
zygomatic process of the maxilla.
2. A frontal process extends superiorly to articulate with the zygomatic
process of the frontal bone.
3. A temporal process extends posteriorly to articulate with the
zygomatic process of the temporal bone to complete the zygomatic
arch.

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ZYGOMATIC BONES:
. The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and
medial ward from the orbital margin.
Its antero-medial surface forms, by its junction with the orbital surface
of the maxilla and with the great wing of the sphenoid, part of the
floor and lateral wall of the orbit.
On it are seen the orifices of two canals, the zygomaticoörbital
foramina; one of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the
other on the malar surface of the bone; the former transmits the
zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve

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NOSE

 Nasal bridge
 Vomer
 Perpendicular plate
 Anterior nasal aperture
 Conchae

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 MANDIBLE
 Head
 Neck
 Body
 Vertical ramus
 Coronoid process
 Mental foramen
 Angle
 Alveolar part
 Condyle
 Symphysis

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Vomer:
• Number: 1 (Unpaired)

• Type: flat bone

• Location/functions: it forms
inferior part of the nasal septum
and articulates superiorly with the
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
bone.

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 MAXILLA
• The largest bones of the face, except for the mandible and form, by their union,
the whole of the upper jaw.

• They hold the upper teeth, and connect on the left and right to the zygomatic
bones (cheek bones).

• Each assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities, namely, the roof of the
mouth, the floor and lateral wall of the nose, and the floor of the orbit.

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 MAXILLA
• Body – central portion of maxilla

• Maxillary sinuses – two large,

pyramidal-shape cavities located in the
body of the maxilla bone.
• Lined with mucous memebrane and
drain in to nasal cavity
• Voice resonator

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SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

• Smooth, triangular & slightly

concave
• Forms – Greater Part Of Floor Of
Orbit
• Anterior border : anterior
margin of orbit forms anterior
lacrimal crest
• Posterior border – part of
inferior orbital margin

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PALATINE PROCESS
• Thick horizontal plate
• Projecting medially
Forms largest part of roof &
floor
• Inferior surface – concave &
forms anterior 3/4th of bony
hardpalate.
• Various foramina
• Posterolaterally –greater &
lesser palatine foremen

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FORAMINA
• Greater palatine foramina
• The largest opening along the posterior part of the
horizontal plate; passageway for the greater palatine
nerve and vessels.

• Lesser palatine foramina

• one or more small openings located posterior to the
greater palatine foramen;
• In pyramidle process inferior surface
• passageways for branches of the lesser palatine
nerve.
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ZYGOMATIC BONE (pink color)

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 NASAL BONES

Varying in size and form in different

individuals

 They are placed side by

side at the middle and
upper part of the face
and form, by their
junction, "the bridge" of
the nose
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SUPERIOR ; The superior border is narrow, thick, and serrated for
articulation with the nasal notch of the frontal bone( nasion ) above is
flat surface ( glabella )

INFERIOR ; thin , lateral nasal cartilage

MEDIAL : opposite nasal bone .

LATERAL : frontal process of

maxilla

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Articulations:
 The nasal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal
and ethmoid, and two of the face, the opposite nasal and the maxilla.

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LACRIMAL BONES:
Smallest and most
fragile bone of the
face, is situated at
the front part of the
Medial of the
orbit.

Contains the lacrimal

sac and the naso-
lacrimal duct.
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Articulations:
• The lacrimal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the
frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the maxilla and the inferior
nasal concha

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Inferior Nasal Conchae:
• Number: 2 in number
• Type: flat bone (scroll shaped…like role of the paper.)
• Location: located on the inside of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
and causes air turbulence.
• Note: the middle and superior conchae are the part of the ethmoid
bone while the inferior concha is a separate bone.

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NASAL CONCHAE:

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 THE END..

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