A STUDY ON THE APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Under the guidance of

Prof. N.SAKUNTHALA M.Sc., M.Phil., PGDCA.,B.Ed.
Associate Professor of Mathematics
Presented by

• U.REVATHI (21UMAR008)

• S.ARUL RAJ (21UMAR014)

• B.AYYAPPA RAJAN (21UMAR015)

• K.MUTHUKUMAR (21UMAR026)
 INTRODUCTION
There are a lot of ordinary differential equations (ODES) that arises from differential applications of
mathematics. A first order differential equation is a differential equation that contains only derivatives of first
order, and it has many applications especially in biology, engineering and many related mathematical related
area of study
The research for general methods of integrating differential equation began when Issac Newton classified first
order differential equations into three classes
= f(x)
= f(x,y)

There are various methods to solve first order differential equations. Among these methods, we have applied
variable separable method to solve problems in this project.
Variable Separable Method:
Many first-order differential equations can be reduced to the form
g(y)y’ = f(x) ……. (1)
Since y’ , we find it convenient to write
g(y) dy = f(x) dx,
To solve above equation, we integrate on both sides with respect to x, obtaining
∫g(y) = ∫f (x) dx + c. ………(2)
If we assume that ƒ and g are continuous functions, the integrals in (2) will exist, and by evaluating these
integrals we obtain the general solution of (1).

Significant of Study:

Differential equations are important because for many physical systems, one can, subject to suitable
idealizations, formulate a differential equation that describes how the system changes in time understanding the
solutions of the differential equations is then of paramount interest.
Scope of Study:

Differential equations are a powerful tool for modeling a wide range of physical, biological, and
engineering systems. They can be used to describe the behaviour of systems then change over time, such as the
motion of a falling affect or the spread of disease. They can also be used to model systems that change in
response to external factors, such as the flow of heat through up a material of the voltage in an electrical
circuit.Some specific examples of how differential equations might be useful include,

● Modeling the motion of particles in a fluid or gas, which can help predict the behaviour of whether patterns,
ocean currents, and atmosphere pollution.

● Modeling the behaviour of electric circuits which can help in the design of electronic devices and power
systems.

Definition:

A differential equation is an equation which contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one variable
(i.e., dependent variable) with respect to the other variable (ie, independent variable)
 = f(x)
Here "x" is an independent variable and "y" is a dependent variable.

Order of Differential Equation:

The order of the differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation.
First Order Differential Equation:

All the linear equations in the form of derivatives are in the first order. It has only the first derivative such
as , where x and y are the two variables and is represented as:
= f(x, y) = y’
Applications:
Differential equations have several applications in different fields such as applied mathematics, science, and
engineering. Apart from the technical applications, they are also used in solving many real life problems
Let us see some differential equation applications in real-time.
1) Differential equations describe various exponential growths and decays.
2) They are also used to describe the change in return on investment over time.
3) They are used in the field of medical science for modeling cancer growth or the spread of disease in the body.
4) Movement of electricity can also be described with the help of it.
5) They help economists in finding optimum investment strategies.
6) The motion of waves or a pendulum can also be described using these equations.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH:
Consider the equation,
= kx,
where t and x are variables and k is a constant with k ≠ 0. As an equation involving derivatives, this is an
example of a differential equation. We often think of t as measuring time, and x as measuring some positive
quantity over time. That is, x is a function of time.
The number k is called the continuous growth rate if it is positive, or the continuous
decay rate if it is negative.
Taking the reciprocal of both sides,

To solve this equation, we integrate .Recall that k is a constant and we are assuming that x is positive. So we
obtain,
t
t + c,
where c is a constant of integration.
Rearranging this equation to express x in terms of t, we have
x=
We can simplify by noting (using index laws) that

and the first factor is just a positive constant, which we call C.

The general solution to the differential equation is then
x(t) = C,
where C is any positive constant.
PROBLEM:
The Number of people affected by cancer in India during 2010 was 900000 and the number of people affected
by cancer during 2015 in India was increased to 10,00,000.Using these data find,
(i) Growth rate K.
(ii) Number of people affected by cancer during 2020.
Solution:
(iii)Growth rate K

Let t=0 in 2010;

t=0,
n=900000
A=900000
t=5,
n=1000000
1000000=900000 ekt
ekt=1.11
ln e5k=ln 1.11
5k=0.1044
K=0.0209
(ii) Number of people affected by cancer during 2020 is,
t =10
n=900000 e(0.0209) 10
n=11,09,200
The Number of people affected by cancer during 2020 is 11,09,200.(Approximately)
Exponential Growth VS Exponential Decay :
The main culprit in determining whether the exponential function is one of growth or decay is the value of
the constant "b":

If the function y=abx and b>1, then the function is an exponential growth function.

If the function y=abx and 0<b<1, then the function is an exponential decay function.

As noted, “b” can never be exactly 1.

When referring to exponential functions, the variable "b" is often used. However, when studying changes in
population, changes in the prices of items, and other topics, the percent is involved. In this case, the variable
"r" is used, "r" standing in for rate or percentage rate. Using 1 as a 100% rate, the following simple formulas
happen:

 The growth "rate" is found by adding 1 by "r": b=1+r

 The decay rate is found by subtracting "r" from 1: b=1-r
•By substituting the expressions for growth rate and decay rate for the variable "b" yields two
different models, one for exponential growth and another for exponential decay:

•Exponential Growth Y=a(1+r)x

•Exponential Decay Y=a(1-r)x

PROBLEM:
The number of people affected by Malaria in 2017 was 5449. It had decreased in the following years as per the
Year
given table. 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Affected People 5449 3758 2088 891 772

Find the rate of decay :

Solution :

Integrating,
ln y= -kt+c
Taking Exponential,
y=e-kt+c
=e-kt. Ec
y=Ae-kt
772 = 5449 e(-4k)
= ln e(-4k)
1.954 = 4k
k = 0.4886
∴The rate of decay is 0.4886.
Newton’s Law of Cooling:
For small temperature difference between a body and its surrounding, the rate of cooling of the body is directly
proportional to the temperature difference and the surface area exposed.  (q-qs),where q and qs are
temperature corresponding to object and surroundings.
From above expression, = -k[q-qs)]……….(1)
This expression represents Newton’s law of cooling. It can be derived directly from Stefan’s law,which gives,
K=[4e /mc]A……..(2)
Now, = -k [
Where,

= initial temperature of object,

=final temperature of object.

ln =kt

(qf-q0) = (qi-qo)…….(3).

i.e. = k (<q>-q0 ) .......(4)

If qi and qf be the initial and final temperature of the body then, <q>=(qi+qf)/2……….(5)

Remember equation (5) is only an approximation and equation (1) must be used for exact values.

 The difference in temperature between the body and surroundings must be small
 The major limitation of Newton's law of cooling is that the temperature of surroundings must remain
constant during the cooling of the body.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION USING MATLAB
• Introduction to MATLAB:
MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. It is a high-performance language that is used for technical
computing. It was developed by Cleve Molar of the company math works, in the year 1984. It is written in C,C+
+, Java. It allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions implementation of algorithms and creation of user
interfaces. The key difference between MATLAB and C or C++ language is that MATLAB is an interactive
computing environment while C or C++ language is a high level general purpose programming language.
•Advantages of MATLAB:
MATLAB allows you to
i. Implement and test your algorithms easily.
ii. Develop the computational codes easily.
iii. Use a large database of built in algorithms.
iv. Perform extensive data analysis and visualization.
v. Develop application with graphics user interface.
vi. Symbolic computation can be easily done.
PROBLEM:
A detective is called to a scene of a crime where a dead body has just been found she arrives on the scene
at 10:23 pm and begins her investigation immediately, the temperature of the body is taken and is found to be 80
degree Fahrenheit. The detective checks the programmable thermostat and finds the room temperature has been
kept at 68 degree Fahrenheit for the past 3 days. After evidence from crime scene is collected, the temperature of
the body is taken once again and found to be 78.580 degree Fahrenheit. This last temperature reading was taken
exactly one hour after the initial one. The next day the detective is asked by another investigator, “WHAT TIME
DID OUR VICTIM DIE ?”. Assuming that the victims body temperature was normal(98.680 degree
Fahrenheit)prior to death, what is her answer to this question?
The detective arrives at 10.23 P.M
Initial temperature of the body,
T0=800 F

Temperature of surrounding,
Ts=680F

After 1 hour; the temperature of body, T1=78.5800 F

Normal body temperature = 98.6800 F

Newtons law of cooling:
Integrating,
ln = -kt+c
=e-kt+c
ec e-kt
=A e-kt Let A= ec
When t=0; T0=80,Ts=68

80-68=A e0
A=12
=(12) e-kt
When t=1; T0=78.580, Ts=68

78.580-68=(12) e-k
(12) e-k=10.58
e-k=0.8817
ln e-k=ln 0.8817
-k=-0.1259
k=0.1259
To find the time of death;
T0=98.680 be the initial temperature.

98. .680-68=12 e-0.1259t

30.68=(e-0.1259t) (12)
e-0.1259t=2.5567
ln e-0.1259t=ln 2.5567
-0.1259t=0.9287
t= -7.456
The time of death is before 7 hours 45 minutes
CODE:
% Ambient temperature
ambient_temperature = input('Enter the temperature of the surrounding: ');
% Cooling constant specific to the body and environment
cooling_constant = input('Enter the rate of cooling constant: ');
% Input the body temperature at the time of discovery
initial_temperature = input('Enter the body temperature at the time of discovery : ');
body_temperature= input('Enter the body temperature prior to death : ‘);
% Calculate the estimated time of death using Newton's Law of Cooling
estimated_time_of_death = log((body_temperature - ambient_temperature) / (initial_temperature -
ambient_temperature)) / (-cooling_constant);
% Display the estimated time of death
disp(['Estimated time of death: ' num2str(estimated_time_of_death) ' hours']);
OUTPUT:
Enter the temperature of the surrounding:

68

Enter the rate of cooling constant:

0.1259

Enter the body temperature at the time of discovery :

80

Enter the body temperature prior to death :

98.680

Estimated time of death: -7.456 hours

Therefore from the above output we can conclude that the time of death of the victim is 7:45 hours before the time when
the detective started her investigation,

The detective started her investigation at 10:23,

The time of death = 10:23-7:45(approximately)

= 2:38 p.m.

The detective’s answer to the question is : The time of death of our victim is 2:38 p.m. (Approximately).