Chemistry Tutorial 1

(3CHEM004W)
 Introduction
A personal introduction from your tutor
Tutorials
• These tutorials are for YOU.
• We can adapt the material to answer your questions and address any
misunderstandings or confusion.
• Do not sit being politely confused – feel free to ask for help.
• (Don’t be disruptive either!)
• Participate in the activities, you will learn more.
 Advice
• Try not to see chemistry as an obstacle to overcome.
• It is foundational to understanding biological processes.
• Some concepts that seem hard at the time will soon become second-nature and
enable you to understand more interesting problems deeply (like learning to read –
once you have the basics you can read good stories).

• For this reason, we will do two things in tutorials:

1. Go right back to basics (simplify)
2. Go beyond what you need to know to show why it’s important or to give examples
You don’t need to learn all these ‘extras’ – the learning outcomes you will be
evaluated on are in the module handbook and lectures.
Outline – today’s tutorial
• Introduction to Blackboard
• Embedding learning from lecture 1
• Build an atom simulation
• Molecular modelling
• MCQs (practice for ICT1)
• Problem-solving – ask about anything you didn’t understand
• Reminder of independent study tasks to complete by next week
Blackboard
• Try this on your device – ask for help if needed
Click these tabs to find key
info about the module e.g.
If you have a question, the answer
can often be found in the module
handbook
Materials for lectures and tutorials
are in this folder
Click the down
arrow to reveal
subfolders and
contents
Materials for lectures and
tutorials are in this folder

Slides for lectures

(posted in advance) Links to independent study tasks

Compulsory reading (independent study)

 Click the down
arrow to reveal
This is where you can find out subfolders and
about and submit assessments contents
 Recordings of lectures
can be viewed here

NB tutorials are not recorded to protect your privacy and encourage interaction
If you need technical help with Blackboard, this is where to find it
Please post questions about
the subject or module on
the discussion boards Do NOT use the message function – this board is
not monitored (your message may not be seen)
Build an atom simulation
• Navigate to the Tutorials folder under Learning Resources
• Click on the link ‘build an atom’
• Simulation opens in new tab/window

• HTML5 simulations can run on iPads, Chromebooks, PC, Mac, and

Linux systems
Learning objectives
• Use the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons to draw a model
of the atom, identify the element, and determine the mass and
charge.
• Predict how addition or subtraction of a proton, neutron, or electron
will change the element, charge, and mass.
• Use the element name, mass, and charge to determine the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Generate an isotopic symbol for an atom, given the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Your turn
• Click play to launch
• You will see three simulations: Atom, Symbol and Game

Atom
• Add protons, neutrons and electrons – watch how the element, mass and charge
change
Symbol
• Similar to Atom but with info shown in periodic table style box
Game
• Test your knowledge by completing some challenges – try all four
Molymod kits
• Atoms – different colours are different
elements
• Bonds – different lengths
• Short sticks use ONE to form single covalent
bonds
• Long sticks use TWO to form double covalent
bonds
• Tiny sticks can be used to attach Hydrogen
atoms to other elements
• Clouds – represent lone pair electrons
• Key – to help get the bonds out (always
return kits with parts detached)
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a white hydrogen atom
• Locate hydrogen in the periodic
table
• Write its electron configuration
• How many valence electrons does
it have?
• How many bonds/shared electrons
to fill its valence shell?
• How many holes does the white
atom have?
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a white hydrogen atom
• Locate hydrogen in the periodic
table
• Write its electron configuration 1s1
• How many valence electrons does
it have? 1
• How many bonds/shared electrons
to fill its valence shell? 1
• How many holes does the white
atom have? 1
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a black carbon atom
• Locate carbon in the periodic table
• Write its electron configuration
• How many valence electrons does
it have?
• How many bonds/shared electrons
to fill its valence shell?
• How many holes does the black
atom have?
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a black carbon atom
• Locate carbon in the periodic table
• Write its electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p2
• How many valence electrons does
it have? 4
• How many bonds/shared electrons
to fill its valence shell? 4
• How many holes does the black
atom have? 4
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a blue atom
• How many holes does the blue atom
have?
• How many electrons does it need to
complete its valence shell?
• Elements from which group need
that number of electrons to
complete their valence shell?
• Write the electron configuration of
the first element in that group Which
element is represented by the blue
atom?
 Valence shell electrons
• Pick up a blue atom
• How many holes does the blue atom
have? 3
• How many electrons does it need to
complete its valence shell? 3
• Elements from which group need that
number of electrons to complete their
valence shell? 5
• Write the electron configuration of the
first element in that group 1s2 2s2 2p3
• Which element is represented by the
blue atom? Nitrogen
 Valence shell electrons
Repeat this process for the red and
green atoms
• How many holes does the atom have?
• How many electrons does it need to
complete its valence shell?
• Elements from which group need that
number of electrons to complete their
valence shell?
• Write the electron configuration of the
first element in that group
• Which element is represented by the
atom?
Covalent bonds - single
• Pick up two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms
• Pick up one short stick
• Pick up six short sticks or tiny bonds for attaching hydrogen

• Connect the atoms together so no holes are empty

Covalent bonds - single
• Pick up two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms
• Pick up one short stick
• Pick up six short sticks or tiny bonds for attaching hydrogen

• Connect the atoms together so no holes are empty

Covalent bonds - double
• Take your molecule apart
• Discard the short stick and two tiny bonds (or two additional
short sticks)
• Discard two hydrogen atoms
• Pick up two long bonds

• Connect the atoms together so no holes are empty

Covalent bonds - double
• Take your molecule apart
• Discard the short stick and two tiny bonds (or two additional
short sticks)
• Discard two hydrogen atoms
• Pick up two long bonds

• Connect the atoms together so no holes are empty

Lewis dot structures refresher
• Lewis dot structures represent the outermost (valence shell) electrons
with dots
• Shows where:
• Chemical bonds may form
• Electrons may be lost/gained (forming ions) to satisfy the octet rule
• Pairs of electrons or unpaired electrons exist
Try these
• Draw Lewis dot diagrams and make these molecules
• Use whichever number/length of bonds you need to
• CH4 one carbon, four hydrogen
• CO2 one carbon, two oxygen
• H2 O one oxygen, two hydrogen
• HCl one hydrogen, one chlorine
• NH3 one nitrogen, three hydrogen

• Compare your Lewis dot diagrams with the number and location of
bonds in each molecule
• How many electrons are shared in a single bond? Double bond?
MCQs
• Preparation for ICT1
• Worth 50% of module mark
• Pass mark is 40%
• Held in week 5 tutorial slot
Which of these elements has the highest
electronegativity?
• Fluorine
• Nitrogen
• Bromine
• Iron
• Aluminium
 Electronegativity
• Can think of like gravity – how tightly nuclei pull
electrons towards themselves

• More protons: greater attraction/pull on electrons

(electronegativity increases across a period )

• Greater distance from nucleus: weaker pull on electrons

(electronegativity decreases down a group – shielding)
Which of these elements has the highest
electronegativity?
• Fluorine
• Nitrogen
• Bromine
• Iron
• Aluminium
Which of the following is the electronic
configuration of a group 7 element?
• 1s2 2s2
• 1s2 2s2 2p6
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
• 1s2 2s2 2p5
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
 How are electrons arranged around nuclei?
• Electrons fill shells closest to the nucleus first

Shell Electronic configurations of atoms

Electrons H = 1s1 He = 1s2

2s 1 present Li = 1s2 2s1

B = 1s2 2s2 2p1
Be = 1s2 2s2
C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
N = 1s2 2s2 2p3 O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
Orbital
Which of the following is the electronic
configuration of a group 7 element?
• 1s2 2s2
• 1s2 2s2 2p6
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
• 1s2 2s2 2p5
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
Which of the following statements about the
atom shown is correct?
Sodium
11

Na 23

• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 11 neutrons

• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 12 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
Changing numbers of subatomic particles
Element defined by the number of protons (atomic number)
Isotope same element with different mass (no. of neutrons varies)
Ion atom with more/fewer electrons than protons
Which of the following statements about the
atom shown is correct?
Sodium
11

Na 23

• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 11 neutrons

• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 11 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
• An atom of sodium has 12 protons, 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
An atom of phosphorus has an atomic number of 15 and a
mass number of 31. How many neutrons does it contain?

• 15
• 16
• 31
• 46
• Cannot be determined
An atom of phosphorus has an atomic number of 15 and a
mass number of 31. How many neutrons does it contain?

• 15
• 16
• 31
• 46
• Cannot be determined
Which of the following places the atomic subshells in
correct order of relative energy (lowest to highest)?

• d, p, s
• s, d, p
• s, p, d
• p, s, d
• p, d, s
 Shell = a group of orbitals identified by a number (energy level) 1, 2, 3…

Shell No. of Subshells No. of No. of electrons • Shell number = the number of
subshells orbitals
1 1 1s 1 2 =2 subshells in the shell (1, 2, 3)
2 2 2s 1 2 • The first subshell (s) has 1 orbital
2p 3 6 =8
• Each successive subshell adds 2
3 3 3s 1 2
more orbitals (1, 3, 5 etc.)
3p 3 6
3d 5 10 =18 • Each orbital can only hold 2 e-
4 4 4s 1 2 • An atom with n = 3 also includes
4p 3 6 all subshells and orbitals for n < 3
4d 5 10
• 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d
4f 7 14 =32
 Subshell shapes – s, p and d orbitals
• The probability of finding an electron around a nucleus
• Electrons are not static
• The orbital shape is the area of highest probability of finding an electron
• The 3 types of orbitals you need to know about are:

xy, xz, yz, x2-y2, z2

x, y, z
Which of the following places the atomic subshells in
correct order of relative energy (lowest to highest)?

• d, p, s
• s, d, p
• s, p, d
• p, s, d
• p, d, s
Independent study

• Watch the Molecular Shape of You video (link on Blackboard)

• Read the pages from the textbook indicated (link on Blackboard)
• Try the atom simulation again
• Revise the lecture slides and post any questions about the subject in the
discussion board on Blackboard